The Diffraction of X-Rays by Liquid Elements
The Diffraction of X-Rays by Liquid Elements
复制标题
液体元素对 X 射线的衍射
DOI：
10.1103/revmodphys.15.90
复制
发表时间：
1943
影响因子：
44.1
通讯作者：
N. S. Gingrich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. S. Gingrich
对X射线穿透物质时产生的衍射和干涉效应的研究很快使人们认识到研究这些效应对确定物质结构是有用的。1912年，随着Friedrich、Schlamping和Laue的著名发现，Kork开始研究X射线在晶体中的衍射，这一领域已被许多研究者广泛地发展，以提供有关晶体中原子排列的有价值的信息。早在1911年，人们就首次研究了X射线在气体中的衍射，“这一领域的后续工作”不仅提供了关于分子中原子的分布的信息，而且还提供了关于原子中电子分布的信息。关于液体和非晶体物质的X射线衍射的早期工作可以追溯到1913年，当时弗里德里希获得了加拿大香脂，石蜡和琥珀的X射线衍射图案。1916年，德拜和谢勒获得了几种液体的衍射图样，包括苯，1922年，基索姆和德·斯迈德报道了这种液体元素的工作。在这一领域中，后来的实验研究和理论使测定液体中原子分布成为可能，所得到的结果也许是我们所掌握的描述液体结构的最定量的手段。虽然许多液体的X射线衍射图已被研究过，但目前的讨论几乎仅限于液体元素。Keesom和de Smedt对氮、氧和氩的早期研究提供了有关液态元素结构的有价值的定性信息，但Zernike和Prinss以及Debye和Menke在理论上的进展为这一领域的进一步研究提供了强大的动力，因为它们提供了解释实验结果的定量方法。在这些理论进展之后的十年中，实验研究有90
~~ ISCOVERY of diffraction and interference effects associated with the passage of x-rays through matter verysoon led to the recognition that studies of these effects are useful in deter-mining thestructure of matter. Kork on the diffraction of x-rays by crystals was initiated in 1912 with the famous discovery made by Friedrich, Knipping, and Laue and this field has been developed extensively'by many investi-gators to supply valuable information concerning the arrangements of atoms in crystals. Diffrac-tion of x-rays by gases was first studied as early as 1911,'and subsequent work in this field'has supplied information not only on the arrange-ments of atoms in molecules, but alsoon the electron distributions within atoms. Early work on the diffraction of x-rays by liquids and non-crystalline substances dates back to 1913 when Friedrich'obtained x-ray diffraction patterns of Canada balsam, paraffin, and amber. In 1916, Debye and Scherrer'obtained diffraction patterns of several liquids, including benzene, and in 1922, Keesom and de Smedt'reported work of this type with liquid elements. Subsequent ex-perimental investigations and theories in this field have made possible the determination of atomic distributions in liquids, giving results which are perhaps the most quantitative means at our disposal of describing the structure of a liquid.Although x-ray diffractionpatterns of many liquids have been studied, the present discussion is limited almost exclusively to liquid elements. The early work of Keesom and de Smedt'on nitrogen, oxygen, and argon supplied valuable qualitative information concerning the structure of liquid elements, but the theoretical advances made by Zernike and Prinss and by Debye and Menke'supplied a strong impetus to further study in this field because they offered a quantitative approach to the interpretation of experimental results. VAthin the decade following these theoretical advances, experimental studies were 90