Factors influencing relationships between personal and ambient concentrations of gaseous and particulate pollutants
Factors influencing relationships between personal and ambient concentrations of gaseous and particulate pollutants
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.016
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发表时间：
2009-06-01
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Koutrakis, Petros
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown, Kathleen Ward;Sarnat, Jeremy A.;Koutrakis, Petros
先前的暴露研究表明，在个人与环境的关联中，受试者之间存在相当大的差异。本文探讨了暴露因素，可能是负责这些个人环境协会受试者间的变异。本文中使用的个人和环境数据是作为1999-2000年期间在马萨诸塞州波士顿进行的个人暴露研究的一部分收集的。这项研究是由美国环境保护署国家暴露研究实验室资助的一组个人暴露小组研究之一，旨在解决暴露评估领域的进一步研究，特别是个人暴露与颗粒物和气态共污染物的环境浓度之间的关联。每天同时测量24小时综合个人，家庭室内，家庭室外和环境硫酸盐，元素碳（EC），PM2.5，臭氧（O-3），二氧化氮（NO2）和二氧化硫。在冬季和夏季，对波士顿地区的15个家庭进行了为期7天的测量。之前的一篇论文探讨了个人-室内，个人-室外，个人-环境，室内-室外，室内-环境和室外-环境PM2.5，硫酸盐和EC浓度之间的关联。在本文件中，在控制环境浓度的同时，对可能影响个人接触的因素进行了调查。使用混合效应回归模型分析数据。总体而言，冬季（p < 0.0001）和夏季（p < 0.0001）的硫酸盐以及夏季（p <0.0001）的PM2.5与个人环境的关联很强。冬季PM2.5的个人-环境混合模型斜率，但在p = 0.10时不显著。除NO2外，大多数污染物的个人暴露量随着通风和户外时间的增加而增加。NO2可能是由于煤气炉的相反模式。个人暴露于PM2.5和交通相关的污染物，EC和NO2，对于那些居住在主要道路附近的人来说更高。使用加湿器的家庭，个人和室内硫酸盐和PM2.5浓度都较高。室外源对个人和室内浓度的影响随着通风的增加而增加，而室内源的影响则相反。(c)2009爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Previous exposure studies have shown considerable inter-subject variability in personal-ambient associations. This paper investigates exposure factors that may be responsible for inter-subject variability in these personal-ambient associations. The personal and ambient data used in this paper were collected as part of a personal exposure study conducted in Boston, MA, during 1999-2000. This study was one of a group of personal exposure panel studies funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Exposure Research Laboratory to address areas of exposure assessment warranting further study, particularly associations between personal exposures and ambient concentrations of particulate matter and gaseous co-pollutants. Twenty-four-hour integrated personal, home indoor, home outdoor and ambient sulfate, elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5, ozone (O-3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide were measured simultaneously each day. Fifteen homes in the Boston area were measured for 7 days during winter and summer. A previous paper explored the associations between personal-indoor, personal-outdoor, personal-ambient, indoor-outdoor, indoor-ambient and outdoor-ambient PM2.5, sulfate and EC concentrations. For the current paper, factors that may affect personal exposures were investigated, while controlling for ambient concentrations. The data were analyzed using mixed effects regression models. Overall personal-ambient associations were strong for sulfate during winter (p < 0.0001) and summer (p < 0.0001) and PM2.5 during summer (p < 0.0001). The personal-ambient mixed model slope for PM2.5 during winter but was not significant at p = 0.10. Personal exposures to most pollutants, with the exception of NO2, increased with ventilation and time spent outdoors. An opposite pattern was found for NO2 likely due to gas stoves. Personal exposures to PM2.5 and to traffic-related pollutants, EC and NO2, were higher for those individuals living close to a major road. Both personal and indoor sulfate and PM2.5 concentrations were higher for homes using humidifiers. The impact of outdoor sources on personal and indoor concentrations increased with ventilation, whereas an opposite effect was observed for the impact of indoor sources. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.