Distributed network imaging and electrical impedance tomography of minimally invasive surgery
Distributed network imaging and electrical impedance tomography of minimally invasive surgery
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DOI：
10.1177/153303460400300205
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发表时间：
2004-04-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Rubinsky, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Otten, DM;Onik, G;Rubinsky, B
微创手术已经变得高度依赖于成像。例如，冷冻手术治疗癌症的有效性取决于冷冻程度的知识，并依赖于实时成像技术进行监测。然而，医学成像通常非常昂贵，因此世界上大多数人都无法获得。在这里，我们提出了分布式网络成像（DNI）的概念，它可以使医学成像和微创手术提供给所有需要这些先进医疗模式的人。我们通过冷冻手术的电阻抗断层成像（EIT）证明了这一概念。中心思想是在远程站点开发廉价的测量对象（数据收集硬件），然后将测量对象设备连接到高级图像重建服务器，该服务器可以使用现有的通信管道（以太网、电话、卫星等）在远程站点为大量分布式测量对象提供服务。这些管道将原始数据从测量端传输到服务器，并将重建图像从服务器传输到测量端。电阻抗断层成像（EIT）是利用组织阻抗变化来构建图像的成像模态。由电极、电源和测量电压的装置组成的EIT测量器是廉价的，因此适用于DNI。EIT也非常适合于成像冷冻手术，因为冷冻组织的阻抗比未冷冻组织的阻抗高得多。在这项研究中，我们首先开发了数值模型来说明EIT成像冷冻手术的理论能力。我们开始与一个简化的二维模型，然后扩展到更合适的三维模型的研究。我们的模拟有限元幻影和基于像素的牛顿-拉夫森重建算法能够产生容易识别的图像组织内的冻结区域。然后，我们证明了DNI概念的可行性，通过一个案例研究，使用EIT成像的体外肝脏冷冻手术程序通过调制解调器。我们发现，所获得的原始数据包是小于5 KB的每幅图像和图像，使用压缩，不超过50 KB每幅图像。
Minimally invasive surgery has become highly dependent on imaging. For instance, the effectiveness of cryosurgery in treating cancer is dependent on knowledge of freezing extent, and relies on real-time imaging techniques for monitoring. However, medical imaging is often very expensive and therefore not available to most of the world population. Here we propose the concept of distributed network imaging (DNI) which could make medical imaging and minimally invasive surgery available to all who need these advanced medical modalities. We demonstrate the concept through electrical impedance tomography (EIT) of cryosurgery. The central idea is to develop an inexpensive measurend (data collection hardware) at a remote site and then to connect the measurend apparatus to an advanced image reconstruction server, which can serve a large number of distributed measurends at remote sites, using existing communication conduits (Ethernet, telephone, satellite, etc.). These conduits transfer the raw data from the measurend to the server and the reconstructed image from the server to the measurend. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging modality which utilizes tissue impedance variation to construct an image. The EIT measurend which consists of electrodes, a power supply, and means to measure voltage is inexpensive, and therefore suitable for DNI. EIT is also very well-suited to imaging cryosurgery, since frozen tissue impedance is much higher than that of unfrozen tissue. In this study, we first develop numerical models to illustrate the theoretical ability of EIT to image cryosurgery. We begin with a simplified two dimensional model, and then extend the study to the more appropriate three dimensional model. Our simulated finite element phantoms and pixel-based Newton-Raphson reconstruction algorithms were able to produce easily identifiable images of frozen regions within tissue. Then, we demonstrate the feasibility of the DNI concept though a case study using EIT to image an in vitro liver cryosurgery procedure through a modem. We find that the acquired raw data packets are less than 5KB per image and the images, using compression, do not exceed 50KB per image.