Manipulation of photons at the surface of three-dimensional photonic crystals
Manipulation of photons at the surface of three-dimensional photonic crystals
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DOI：
10.1038/nature08190
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发表时间：
2009-07-16
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Noda, Susumu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ishizaki, Kenji;Noda, Susumu
在三维（3D）光子晶体（1-12）中，具有与穿过晶体的光的波长相当的周期性的折射率变化产生所谓的光子带隙，其类似于在材料的晶体结构的周期性静电势中移动的电子的电子带隙。这种3D光子带隙晶体被设想成为用于控制和操纵光学电路中的光子的基本构建块。到目前为止，已经通过利用3D带隙定向效应在晶体内部嵌入人工缺陷（3- 5，8 -12）和光发射器（4-9）来实现这样的方案。在这里，我们的实验表明，光子可以控制和操纵，即使在“表面”的三维光子晶体，其中3D周期性终止，建立一个新的和多功能的光子操纵的路线。通过使用倏逝模耦合技术，我们证明了三维光子晶体具有二维表面态，并绘制了它们的能带结构。我们表明，光子可以被限制和传播通过这些二维的表面状态，我们实现了他们的本地化在任意表面点通过设计人工表面缺陷结构，通过形成一个表面模式的差距。令人惊讶的是，表面缺陷模式的品质因数是3D光子晶体纳米腔报道的最大的（Q高达近似9，000）。除了提供一种新的光子操纵的光子晶体的方法，我们的研究结果是相关的产生和控制的等离子体极化激元在金属和相关的表面光子物理。3D光子晶体表面的无吸收性质可以实现新的传感应用，并为实现有效的光-物质相互作用提供途径。
In three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals(1-12), refractive-index variations with a periodicity comparable to the wavelength of the light passing through the crystal give rise to so-called photonic bandgaps, which are analogous to electronic bandgaps for electrons moving in the periodic electrostatic potential of a material's crystal structure. Such 3D photonic bandgap crystals are envisioned to become fundamental building blocks for the control and manipulation of photons in optical circuits. So far, such schemes have been pursued by embedding artificial defects(3-5,8-12) and light emitters(4-9) inside the crystals, making use of 3D bandgap directional effects. Here we show experimentally that photons can be controlled and manipulated even at the 'surface' of 3D photonic crystals, where 3D periodicity is terminated, establishing a new and versatile route for photon manipulation. By making use of an evanescent-mode coupling technique, we demonstrate that 3D photonic crystals possess two-dimensional surface states, and we map their band structure. We show that photons can be confined and propagate through these two-dimensional surface states, and we realize their localization at arbitrary surface points by designing artificial surface-defect structures through the formation of a surface-mode gap. Surprisingly, the quality factors of the surface-defect mode are the largest reported for 3D photonic crystal nanocavities (Q up to similar to 9,000). In addition to providing a new approach for photon manipulation by photonic crystals, our findings are relevant for the generation and control of plasmon-polaritons in metals and the related surface photon physics. The absorption-free nature of the 3D photonic crystal surface may enable new sensing applications and provide routes for the realization of efficient light-matter interactions.