The computational therapeutic: exploring Weizenbaum's ELIZA as a history of the present
The computational therapeutic: exploring Weizenbaum's ELIZA as a history of the present
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DOI：
10.1007/s00146-018-0825-9
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发表时间：
2019-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Bassett, Caroline
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bassett, Caroline
本文探讨了ELIZA的历史，ELIZA是一个近似罗杰斯治疗师的计算机程序，由麻省理工学院的Jospeh Weizenbaum在20世纪70年代开发，作为早期的人工智能实验。ELIZA的接待促使Weizenbaum重新评估“计算机能力和人类理性”之间的关系，并攻击关于计算机及其智能的“强大妄想思维”，他认为这种思维在普通大众和专家中普遍存在。Weizenbaum的根本问题是人类思维是否可以“完全可计算”（可还原为逻辑形式主义）。这也促使他重新思考机器智能的本质，并质疑其逻辑在社会世界中的实例化，他说，这将成为一种“慢性毒药”。探索Weizenbaum的世纪叛教，根据ELIZA，说明了当代焦虑和辩论的方式，机器智能连接到早期的形成。特别是，本文认为，它是在其指定为计算治疗师，ELIZA是最重要的今天。ELIZA指出了一种现在普遍存在的人机关系形式，这是我们发现自己处于的“机器治疗”状态的先驱，因此非常直接地谈到了有关调制，自主性和目前正在出现的新行为主义的问题。
This paper explores the history of ELIZA, a computer programme approximating a Rogerian therapist, developed by Jospeh Weizenbaum at MIT in the 1970s, as an early AI experiment. ELIZA's reception provoked Weizenbaum to re-appraise the relationship between 'computer power and human reason' and to attack the 'powerful delusional thinking' about computers and their intelligence that he understood to be widespread in the general public and also amongst experts. The root issue for Weizenbaum was whether human thought could be 'entirely computable' (reducible to logical formalism). This also provoked him to re-consider the nature of machine intelligence and to question the instantiation of its logics in the social world, which would come to operate, he said, as a 'slow acting poison'. Exploring Weizenbaum's 20th Century apostasy, in the light of ELIZA, illustrates ways in which contemporary anxieties and debates over machine smartness connect to earlier formations. In particular, this article argues that it is in its designation as a computational therapist that ELIZA is most significant today. ELIZA points towards a form of human-machine relationship now pervasive, a precursor of the 'machinic therapeutic' condition we find ourselves in, and thus speaks very directly to questions concerning modulation, autonomy, and the new behaviorism that are currently arising.