Gender inequalities and demographic behavior.
Gender inequalities and demographic behavior.
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性别不平等和人口行为。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Desai
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Desai
提供了人口理事会1994年发表的关于埃及、印度、加纳和肯尼亚性别不平等的主要调查结果的摘要。这些国家以不同的方式表现出性别不平等：法律、经济和教育制度；计划生育和生殖健康服务；还有医疗保健系统。所有国家都有一个共同点，那就是寡妇的发生率很高。守寡与高度的不安全感有关，而不安全感又与高生育率有关。因此，子女成了老年时的保险。在加纳，由于高度的婚姻不稳定和一夫多妻制，妇女的不安全感受到威胁。在埃及，由于家庭制度遭到破坏，妇女在法律上受到歧视，不安全变成了经济上的脆弱性。在印度和所有四个国家，不安全反映了受教育的机会有限，这是经济自主的障碍。在这四个国家中，妇女的地位都较低，因为她们对生育限制和避孕等生育决策的控制有限。在印度，贬低女孩的文化导致了更高的生育率，以满足对男孩的渴望。在印度和埃及，计划生育方案由男性管理的组织主导，这些组织更关心人口目标，而不是生殖健康。普遍的不平等是女性避孕的负担。计划生育项目忽视了当地的生殖行为、家庭结构和性别关系的现实。在加纳等国家，认为丈夫和妻子有相似的生育目标或父亲完全分担孩子成本的假设是错误的。因此，加纳的生育率下降了不到13%，但肯尼亚的生育率下降了30%以上。计划生育必须意识到性别问题。
A summary was provided of the central findings about gender inequalities in Egypt, India, Ghana, and Kenya published by the Population Council in 1994. These countries exhibited gender inequalities in different ways: the legal, economic, and educational systems; family planning and reproductive health services; and the health care system. All countries had in common a high incidence of widowhood. Widowhood was linked with high levels of insecurity, which were linked with high fertility. Children thus became insurance in old age. In Ghana, women's insecurity was threatened through high levels of marital instability and polygyny. In Egypt, insecurity was translated into economic vulnerability because of legal discrimination against women when family systems were disrupted. In India and all four countries, insecurity was reflective of limited access to education, an impediment to economic autonomy. In all four countries, women's status was inferior due to limited control over reproductive decision making about childbearing limits and contraception. In India, the cultural devaluation of girls contributed to higher fertility to satisfy the desire for sons. In India and Egypt, family planning programs were dominated by male-run organizations that were more concerned about demographic objectives than reproductive health. The universal inequality was the burden women carry for contraception. Family planning programs have ignored the local realities of reproductive behavior, family structures, and gender relations. The assumption that husbands and wives have similar fertility goals or that fathers fully share the costs of children is mistaken in countries such as Ghana. Consequently, fertility has declined less than 13% in Ghana, but fertility has declined by over 30% in Kenya. Family planning programs must be aware of gender issues.