Viral Evasion of RIG-I-Like Receptor-Mediated Immunity through Dysregulation of Ubiquitination and ISGylation.

Viral Evasion of RIG-I-Like Receptor-Mediated Immunity through Dysregulation of Ubiquitination and ISGylation.
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DOI:
10.3390/v13020182
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发表时间:
2021-01-26
期刊:
Viruses
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Gack MU
Gack MU
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chiang C;Liu G;Gack MU

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先天免疫应答的病毒失调或抑制是病毒诱导的发病机制的关键决定因素。用于检测病毒感染的重要传感器是RIG-I样受体(RLR),其反过来被许多RNA病毒和DNA病毒拮抗。在不同的逃逸策略中,病毒机制失调翻译后修饰(PTM),在RLR调节中发挥关键作用。在这篇综述中,我们提出了目前的知识免疫逃避操纵泛素或ISG 15依赖机制的RLR激活的病毒病原体。逃避RLR信号传导的关键病毒策略包括直接靶向泛素E3连接酶、使用病毒去泛素化酶(DUB)的主动去泛素化以及上调调节RLR信号传导的细胞DUB。此外,我们总结了新出现的新证据,这些证据表明某些冠状病毒(如当前COVID-19大流行的病原体SARS-CoV-2)的酶主动使RLR途径中的关键分子去ISGylate,以逃避I型干扰素(IFN)介导的抗病毒反应。最后,我们讨论了靶向操纵泛素或ISG 15介导的先天免疫反应的病毒编码蛋白质开发新的抗病毒药物和疫苗的可能性。
Viral dysregulation or suppression of innate immune responses is a key determinant of virus-induced pathogenesis. Important sensors for the detection of virus infection are the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), which, in turn, are antagonized by many RNA viruses and DNA viruses. Among the different escape strategies are viral mechanisms to dysregulate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) that play pivotal roles in RLR regulation. In this review, we present the current knowledge of immune evasion by viral pathogens that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-dependent mechanisms of RLR activation. Key viral strategies to evade RLR signaling include direct targeting of ubiquitin E3 ligases, active deubiquitination using viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), and the upregulation of cellular DUBs that regulate RLR signaling. Additionally, we summarize emerging new evidence that shows that enzymes of certain coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, actively deISGylate key molecules in the RLR pathway to escape type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses. Finally, we discuss the possibility of targeting virally-encoded proteins that manipulate ubiquitin- or ISG15-mediated innate immune responses for the development of new antivirals and vaccines.
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