Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development
Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development
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城市的关键：经济、制度、社会互动和政治如何塑造发展
DOI：
10.1080/00343404.2014.903690
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Sabine Dörry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sabine Dörry
《城市之钥》有两个重点：城市化和城市作为未来增长极。从根本上说，它质疑城市地区为什么会赢或输，为什么它们发展不平衡。这本书挑战了关于如何启动和促进城市地区经济发展的既定思维。无可否认，城市发展是非常复杂的，没有必胜的秘诀。这本书以创新的方式解决了这种复杂性，是通过经济地理学的广泛领域，巧妙地连接地理经济学，经济社会学和其他相关学科的认识论的发人深省的巡回演出。这本书由四个主要部分组成，每个部分又细分为一些特定主题的章节。这本书的介绍性章节生动地说明了当前的挑战：全球经济的分类和诉诸，其基本的空间类别和相互作用的背景是城市地区。虽然对“发展”一词的定义模糊不清，但迈克尔·斯托珀建立在一个强有力的经济和增长导向的定义之上。“技术和贸易成本的变化”（第6页）产生了特殊的、空间上不平衡的动态，并最终“产生”了赢家和输家地区，最终与社会福利有关。这本书的第一部分，无疑也是最强有力的部分，“城市和区域发展的经济背景”，是引人注目的和密集的。它为理解主要的经济因果关系和复杂性提供了关键的先决条件，特别是涉及到这样一个问题：“人还是工作：鸡还是蛋？”(p. 14）。主要论点涵盖了城市专业化的基本过程和随后的城市系统的变化，对四个主要的调查途径提出了质疑。每章剖析和批判性地审查一个主要的专题贡献：新古典主义城市经济学（第二章），关于集聚和空间集中的经济文献，特别是新经济地理学（NEG）（第3章），马歇尔-阿罗-罗默（MAR）外部性的作用，为各自的M-A-R来源的本地化增加了创新的转折（第57页）（第4章），以及个人的偏好和流动性选择（第5章）。对著名的迪克西特-斯蒂格利茨-克鲁格曼模型的解释证明了斯托珀在对既定概念进行批判时是多么有洞察力，以及他如何能够在学科的不同语言之间架起桥梁。第一部分对城市专业化和熟练劳动力集中的过程所作的基本解释往往是有选择性的，因此是相当零散的。因此，第二部分特别关注“城市和区域的体制环境”。它探讨了“专业化可以起源于该地区的机构”的想法（第97页;第6章），并探讨了“非正式制度的双重性质-团体或社区[第7章]，以及它们之间的桥梁[第8章]”。（第103页）支持或阻碍城市经济发展的选择，如洛杉矶、第三意大利和硅谷的例子所示。人们基于共同的利益聚集在一起;但是这些利益，包括一捆捆不断变化的偏好，可以改变。因此，群体成员不稳定，影响群体内谈判和决策的成本。联盟-以结合和搭桥为基础，锁定“聚集产生的专业化”（第138页）-是发展的关键，因为它们为形成想法、执行政策和解决冲突提供了必要的背景。斯托珀的非正式制度的经济概念详细说明了由此形成的利益集团，并强调了包容和排斥群体成员的过程，因此，政治思想。然而，他的方法反映了一个因果模型，该模型忽略了由经济变化过程的规则和法规所决定的条件的偶然性，正如Bathelt和GLÜCKLER（2013）最近提出的那样。他们从一个明确的关系视角提出，正是这种偶然性定义了“空间视角中社会经济制度的出现和转变”的前提（BATHELT and GLÜCKLER，2013，p. 18）。显然，最近的学术研究对机构概念化的狭隘经济透镜提出了质疑，特别强调了机构和代理人在不同地理空间内学习和发展新的、高度具体的知识和技术的相互作用（例如，区域研究，2014年
Keys to the City has a twofold focus: urbanization; and cities as growth poles for the future. Fundamentally, it questions why city-regions win or lose and why they develop unevenly. This book challenges established thinking on what it takes to initiate and foster economic development in city-regions. Undeniably, urban development is highly complex with no sure-fire recipe for success. The book tackles this complexity in an innovative way and is a thought-provoking tour de force through the broad field of economic geography, resourcefully linking epistemologies from geographical economics, economic sociology and other related disciplines. The book consists of four main parts, each subdivided into a number of specifically themed chapters. The book’s introductory chapter vividly illustrates current challenges: sorting and resorting of the global economy whose fundamental spatial categories and contexts for interaction are city-regions. Although vague in defining the term ‘development’, Michael Storper builds on a strong economic and growth-oriented definition. ‘[C]hanges in technology and trade costs’ (p. 6) generate particular, spatially uneven dynamics and end up ‘producing’ winning and losing regions, ultimately linked to a society’s welfare. The first and undoubtedly strongest part of the book, ‘The Economic Context of City and Regional Development’, is compelling and dense. It provides key prerequisites to understanding major economic causal relations and complexities, and particularly deals with the question: ‘People or Jobs: Chicken or Egg?’ (p. 14). The main argument covers the underlying processes of urban specialization and the subsequent changes in urban systems, contesting four key avenues of investigation. Each chapter dissects and critically examines one major thematic contribution: New Neoclassical Urban Economics (Chapter 2), the economic literature on agglomeration and spatial concentration, and particularly New Economic Geography (NEG) (Chapter 3), the role of Marshall–Arrow–Romer (MAR) externalities adding an innovative twist to the localization of the respective M-A-R sources (p. 57) (Chapter 4), and individuals’ preferences and mobility choices (Chapter 5). The explication of the prominent Dixit–Stiglitz–Krugman model exemplifies how insightful Storper is in formulating his criticism of established concepts and how well he is able to bridge the different languages of the disciplines. The essential explanations of the processes of urban specialization and skilled labour concentration in Part I tend to be somewhat selective and thus rather fragmented. Hence, Part II is particularly concerned with ‘The Institutional Context of Cities and Regions’. It explores the ‘idea that specialization could originate from the region’s institutions’ (p. 97; Chapter 6) and investigates ‘the dual nature of informal institutions – groups or communities [Chapter 7], and their bridges to one another [Chapter 8]’ (p. 103) to support or hinder choices for a city’s economic development, as illustrated in the examples of Los Angeles, the Third Italy and Silicon Valley. People group together based on common interests; but those interests, comprising bundles of altering preferences, can shift. Accordingly, group membership is unstable, influencing the costs of negotiation and decision-making within groups. Coalitions – based on bonding and bridging to lock in ‘agglomeration generated specialization’ (p. 138) – are key to development as they provide the necessary context for idea building, policy implementation and conflict resolution. Storper’s economic notion of informal institutions details the resulting formation of interest groups and highlights processes of inclusion and exclusion of group membership and, thus, political ideas. However, his approach mirrors a causal model that neglects the contingency of conditions determined by rules and regulations for economic change processes as recently suggested by BATHELT and GLÜCKLER (2013). They argue from an explicit relational perspective that it is this contingency that defines the premises ‘for the emergence and transformation of socio-economic institutions in spatial perspective’ (BATHELT and GLÜCKLER, 2013, p. 18). Clearly, recent scholarship has questioned the narrow economic lens of institutional conceptualization, specifically highlighting the interaction of institutions and agents to learn and develop new, highly specific knowledge and technology within different geographical spaces (e.g. Regional Studies, 2014