EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINING MECHANISMS: A REVIEW OF FACT AND THEORY
EVOLUTION OF SEX DETERMINING MECHANISMS: A REVIEW OF FACT AND THEORY
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性别决定机制的演变：事实与理论回顾
DOI：
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发表时间：
1984
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通讯作者：
D. Feener
中科院分区：
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作者：
D. Feener
在过去的十年里，进化生物学家对性别和性别比例的进化和生态学投入了相当多的关注。这项工作大部分的基本主题是，有性生殖的频率和模式的差异以及性别比例的变化是自然选择的产物，因此代表了物种对其环境的适应。然而，这种变异也可能反映了物种的遗传结构和性别决定机制对物种施加的进化限制。当我们检查性别比例适应性变化的证据时，这种限制的重要性就变得非常明显。具有单倍体-二倍体性别决定的物种可以直接控制后代性别比例，最近的证据表明这些物种适应性地改变性别比例以响应资源可用性和种群结构的变化（Chamov，1982）。相比之下，具有发育良好的 X-Y 性染色体的物种在性别比例上没有表现出适应性变化。这些物种的主要性别比通常呈二项式分布，正如任何中性孟德尔单位特征所预期的那样（Williams，1979）。显然，了解性别决定机制的演变将有助于更深入地了解影响性别和性别比例演变的力量。 J. J. Bull 在《性别决定机制的进化》一书中从现代理论的角度审视了性别决定机制的多样性。本书首先回顾了术语，然后讨论了双因素（经典的男性女性异配性）和多因素系统。布尔使用分析和数值模型得出关于这两类性别决定机制的进化的结论。他最重要的结论是，性别因素的进化是性别比例为 1/2 的几乎普遍选择的自然结果。另一个结论是，多因素性别决定比男女异配更罕见，因为它只有在特殊情况下才稳定。我发现其中许多模型的呈现不够详细，无法进行批判性评估。接下来，布尔回顾了多因素和环境性别决定的例子和理论。根据主要由布尔发展的理论，环境
Over the last 10 years evolutionary biologists have devoted considerable attention to the evolution and ecology of sex and sex ratio. The underlying theme in most of this work is that differences in the frequency and mode of sexual reproduction and variation in sex ratio are the products of natural selection and therefore represent adaptations of species to their environments. However, this variation may also reflect evolutionary constraints imposed on species by their genetic architecture and mechamism of sex determination. The importance of such constraints becomes strikingly obvious when we examine the evidence for adaptive variation in sex ratio. Species with haplo-diploid sex determination can control progeny sex ratio directly, and recent evidence indicates that these species adaptively alter sex ratio in response to changes in resource availability and population structure (Chamov, 1982). In contrast, species with well developed X-Y sex chromosomes show no adaptive variation in sex ratio. Primary sex ratio in these species is typically binomially distributed as expected for any neutral Mendelian unit character (Williams, 1979). Clearly, an understanding of the evolution of sex determining mechanisms would provide a deeper understanding of those forces affecting the evolution of sex and sex ratio. In Evolution of Sex Determining Mechanisms, J. J. Bull examines the diversity of sex determining mechanisms from a modem theoretical perspective. The book begins with a review of terminology and proceeds to discuss 2-factor (classical malefemale heterogamety) and multiple-factor systems. Bull uses analytical and numerical models to draw conclusions about the evolution of these two types of sex determining mechanisms. His most important conclusion is that the evolution of sex factors is a natural outcome of the nearly universal selection for a sex ratio of 1/2. Another conclusion is that multiple-factor sex determination is rarer than male-female heterogamety because it is stable only under special circumstances. I found that many of these models are not presented in enough detail to permit critical evaluation. Next, Bull reviews examples and theory of polyfactorial and environmental sex determination. According to theory largely developed by Bull, envi-