Reliability of drivers in urban intersections
Reliability of drivers in urban intersections
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aap.2009.07.021
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Fastenmeier, Wolfgang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gstalter, Herbert;Fastenmeier, Wolfgang
人因可靠性的概念已被人因专家广泛应用于工业环境中，以优化人与任务的匹配。可靠性是通过人员在系统运行的给定阶段成功完成任务的概率来估计的。人的可靠性分析（HRA）是一种用于计算人的错误概率的技术，作为犯错误的机会数量的比率。为了将这一概念转移到汽车驾驶员可靠性的测量中，以下组件是必要的：驾驶任务的分类，每个任务中正确行为的定义，与正确行为的偏差的错误列表，以及足够的观察方法来记录错误和这些错误的机会。最近使用的安全任务分析程序，可以直接从行为要求的规范性分析中得出驾驶员的错误。驾驶员可靠性估计可用于比较任务组（例如，具有其各自规定的不同类型的交叉口）以及驾驶员组或个体驾驶员的能力倾向。这种方法进行了测试，在一个领域的研究与62名司机的不同年龄组。受试者驾驶一辆装有仪表的汽车，必须完成一条城市测试路线，该路线的主要特征是18个交叉路口，代表6种不同的驾驶任务。受试者由两名训练有素的观察员陪同，他们使用标准化的观察表记录驾驶员的错误。结果表明，错误指数往往不同的年龄组的司机和驾驶任务的类型。最高的错误指数发生在无信号交叉口任务和环形交叉口，这正好等于相应的评级的任务复杂性从安全分析。年龄组的比较清楚地表明了老年驾驶员的劣势，他们在几乎所有任务中的错误指数都明显高于其他组。这些错误中的绝大多数可以用交叉点的高任务负荷来解释，因为它们代表了困难的任务。讨论表明，如何可靠性估计可以用在一个建设性的方式提出改变汽车设计，交叉口布局和监管以及驾驶员培训。(C)2009爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The concept of human reliability has been widely used in industrial settings by human factors experts to optimise the person-task fit. Reliability is estimated by the probability that a task will successfully be completed by personnel in a given stage of system operation. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is a technique used to calculate human error probabilities as the ratio of errors committed to the number of opportunities for that error. To transfer this notion to the measurement of car driver reliability the following components are necessary: a taxonomy of driving tasks, a definition of correct behaviour in each of these tasks, a list of errors as deviations from the correct actions and an adequate observation method to register errors and opportunities for these errors. Use of the SAFE-task analysis procedure recently made it possible to derive driver errors directly from the normative analysis of behavioural requirements. Driver reliability estimates could be used to compare groups of tasks (e.g. different types of intersections with their respective regulations) as well as groups of drivers' or individual drivers' aptitudes. This approach was tested in a field study with 62 drivers of different age groups. The subjects drove an instrumented car and had to complete an urban test route, the main features of which were 18 intersections representing six different driving tasks. The subjects were accompanied by two trained observers who recorded driver errors using standardized observation sheets. Results indicate that error indices often vary between both the age group of drivers and the type of driving task. The highest error indices occurred in the non-signalised intersection tasks and the roundabout, which exactly equals the corresponding ratings of task complexity from the SAFE analysis. A comparison of age groups clearly shows the disadvantage of older drivers, whose error indices in nearly all tasks are significantly higher than those of the other groups. The vast majority of these errors could be explained by high task load in the intersections, as they represent difficult tasks. The discussion shows how reliability estimates can be used in a constructive way to propose changes in car design, intersection layout and regulation as well as driver training. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.