Musculoskeletal adaptations to weightlessness and development of effective countermeasures
Musculoskeletal adaptations to weightlessness and development of effective countermeasures
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DOI：
10.1097/00005768-199610000-00007
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发表时间：
1996-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Snow, CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baldwin, KM;White, TP;Snow, CM
1995年11月，美国运动医学学会在国家航空和航天局的赞助下组织了一次研究圆桌会议，以确定针对失重状态的有效运动对策的研究战略。运动被认为是独立于其他治疗方式（例如，这些因素包括药物、营养、激素和与生长有关的因素），可以预防或最大限度地减少骨骼肌和骨骼因长期暴露于失重状态而出现的结构和功能缺陷，以及在一定程度的丧失不可避免的情况下恢复到地球基线功能。描述了肌肉骨骼缺陷和对策：1）肌肉和结缔组织萎缩和局部骨质流失，2）运动性能下降，3）硬组织和软组织损伤的潜在倾向，以及4）肌肉萎缩和心血管改变之间可能的相互作用，导致太空飞行返回后立即观察到的姿势性低血压。尽管先前使用的各种对策协议主要涉及耐力类型的运动，但目前没有充分预防或减少肌肉骨骼缺陷的活动特异性对策。很明显，对抗性运动比耐力运动具有更大的阻力元素，可能对肌肉骨骼系统有益。为确定有效的反措施协议而进行的科学调查仍存在许多问题，随着长期空间飞行时代的到来，这将是必不可少的。
A Research Roundtable, organized by the American College of Sports Medicine with sponsorship from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, met in November 1995 to define research strategies for effective exercise countermeasures to weightlessness. Exercise was considered both independently of and in conjunction with, other therapeutic modalities (e.g., pharmacological, nutritional, hormonal, and growth-related factors) that could prevent or minimize the structural and functional deficits involving skeletal muscle and bone in response to chronic exposure to weightlessness, as well as return to Earth baseline function if a degree of loss is inevitable. Musculoskeletal deficits and countermeasures are described with respect to: 1) muscle and connective tissue atrophy and localized bone loss, 2) reductions in motor performance, 3) potential proneness to injury of hard and soft tissues, and 4) probable interaction between muscle atrophy and cardiovascular alterations that contribute to the postural hypotension observed immediately upon return from space flight. In spite of a variety of countermeasure protocols utilized previously involving largely endurance types of exercise, there is presently no activity-specific countermeasure(s) that adequately prevent or reduce musculoskeletal deficiencies. It seems apparent that countermeasure exercises that have a greater resistance element, as compared to endurance activities, may prove beneficial to the musculoskeletal system. Many questions remain for scientific investigation to identify efficacious countermeasure protocols, which will be imperative with the emerging era of long-term space flight.