Nociceptive Sensitization Reduces Predation Risk
Nociceptive Sensitization Reduces Predation Risk
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.043
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发表时间：
2014-05-19
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Walters, Edgar T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Crook, Robyn J.;Dickson, Katharine;Walters, Edgar T.
亚致死性伤害在所研究的大多数物种中触发了持久的防御反应敏感化，这表明强大的进化选择压力[1]参与其中。在人类中，这种持续的伤害性敏感化通常伴随着高度的疼痛和焦虑[2]。虽然实验[3]和临床[4]证据支持伤害期间即时痛觉的适应性价值，但没有直接证据表明伤害后长期敏化的适应性益处。最近，我们发现在鱿鱼(Doryteuthpealei)身上，轻微的损伤会产生长期的行为和神经元反应敏感化[5，6]。在这里，我们测试了这种敏化在鱿鱼与自然鱼类捕食者相遇期间的适应价值。单臂远端损伤(有或无一过性麻醉)的鱿鱼在受伤后6小时内的运动和其他自发行为没有显示出可测量的损害。然而，与未受伤的乌贼相比，黑鱼可以在更远的距离内自由游动，朝向和追逐受伤的乌贼，而不考虑以前的麻醉治疗。一旦被瞄准，受伤的鱿鱼比未受伤的鱿鱼更早开始防御行为序列[7，8]。这一作用可通过短暂的麻醉治疗来阻断，以阻止伤害性敏感化的发展[6，9]。重要的是，早期的麻醉治疗也减少了受伤的鱿鱼随后的逃生和存活，但并不是没有受伤的。因此，虽然轻微伤害增加了捕食性攻击的风险，但它也触发了一种敏感状态，促进了对威胁的增强反应，增加了受伤动物在随后的捕食遭遇中的存活率(达尔文式的适应性)。
Sublethal injury triggers Icing-lasting sensitization of defensive responses in most species examined, suggesting the involvement of powerful evolutionary selection pressures [1]. In humans, this persistent nociceptive sensitization is often accompanied by heightened sensations of pain and anxiety [2]. While experimental [3] and clinical [4] evidence support the adaptive value of immediate nociception during injury, no direct evidence exists for adaptive benefits of long-lasting sensitization after injury. Recently, we showed that minor injury produces long-term sensitization of behavioral and neuronal responses in squid, Doryteuthis pealei [5, 6]. Here we tested the adaptive value of this sensitization during encounters between squid and a natural fish predator. Locomotion and other spontaneous behaviors of squid that received distal injury to a single arm (with or without transient anesthesia) showed no measurable impairment 6 hr after the injury. However, black sea bass given access to freely swimming squid oriented toward and pursued injured squid at greater distances than uninjured squid, regardless of previous anesthetic treatment. Once targeted, injured squid began defensive behavioral sequences [7, 8] earlier than uninjured squid. This effect was blocked by brief anesthetic treatment that prevented development of nociceptive sensitization [6, 9]. Importantly, the early anesthetic treatment also reduced the subsequent escape and survival of injured, but not uninjured, squid. Thus, while minor injury increases the risk of predatory attack, it also triggers a sensitized state that promotes enhanced responsiveness to threats, increasing the survival (Darwinian fitness) of injured animals during subsequent predatory encounters.