Overextensions in production and comprehension: a methodological clarification
Overextensions in production and comprehension: a methodological clarification
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生产和理解的过度延伸：方法论的澄清
DOI：
10.1017/s0305000900007121
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发表时间：
1980
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
David Fay
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amy Fremgen;David Fay
大约两岁时，孩子们会经历一个语言发展阶段，在这个阶段，他们会不恰当地使用单词来命名物体。这种误用最常见的方面是术语的过度扩展，例如使用狗不仅可以命名狗，还可以命名猫、牛等。对过度延伸的流行解释是，儿童对所使用的词的含义不明确（Clark 1973）。按照这种观点，过度扩展是对儿童语言系统中的单词的完全恰当的使用。儿童的能力比成人的能力赋予该术语更普遍的含义。如果过度延伸是能力问题，那么它们应该出现在理解和生产中。然而Huttenlocher（1974）非正式地观察到，过度生产的孩子似乎并没有在理解上这样做。这提出了对过度延伸的另一种解释：它们是由于儿童言语系统特有的某些性能限制造成的。在更系统的研究中，Thomson & Chapman (1977) 还发现，一些在生产中过度延伸的单词被正确理解，支持了性能假设。但他们也发现，正如能力解释所预测的那样，单词在理解和生成方面都被过度扩展。这种令人困惑的状况导致汤姆森和查普曼提出了“修订后的差异化模型”和“修订后的特征模型”。 Clark & Clark (1977) 和 Clark (1977) 也对这些结果做出了回应，将 Clark (1973) 的原始模型修改为两步过程，将一些过度扩展归因于不成熟的能力，而另一些归因于绩效因素。在本说明中，我们将论证标准账户的这些修订都不会起作用。我们发现，与汤姆森和查普曼的结果相反，在正确测试的情况下，儿童的理解能力绝不会过度延伸。这向我们表明，所有过度扩展都源于对语言表现的限制。 Thomson & Chapman 调查了 5 名 1 岁儿童是否； 9至z； 3、在生产上过度延伸的人，在领悟上也同样如此。他们发现
At about two years of age, children pass through a stage of language development in which they use words inappropriately to name objects. The most frequently observed aspect of this misuse is the overextension of a term, for example using dog to name not only dogs, but also cats, cows and the like. The popular explanation of overextensions is that children have an underspecified meaning for the word being used (Clark 1973). In this view, overextensions are a perfectly appropriate use of a word within the child's linguistic system; the child's competence ascribes a more general meaning to the term than does the adult's. If overextensions are a matter of competence, then they should appear in comprehension as well as production. Yet Huttenlocher (1974) has informally observed that children who overextend in production do not seem to do so in comprehension. This would suggest an alternative account of overextensions: they are due to some performance limitation peculiar to a child's speech system. In a more systematic study, Thomson & Chapman (1977) also found that some words that are overextended in production are correctly comprehended, supporting the performance hypothesis. But they also discovered words that are overextended in both comprehension and production as predicted by the competence account. This confusing state of affairs has led Thomson & Chapman to propose a 'revised differentiation model' and a 'revised feature model'. Clark & Clark (1977) and Clark (1977) have also responded to these results by revising Clark's (1973) original model into a two-step process that attributes some overextensions to immature competence and others to performance factors. In this note, we will argue that none of these revisions of the standard account will work. We have found that, contrary to the results of Thomson & Chapman, children never overextend in comprehension when tested properly. This suggests to us that all overextensions arise from constraints on linguistic performance. Thomson & Chapman investigated whether five children, aged 1; 9 to z; 3, who overextended in production, also did so in comprehension. They found that