Andean Influences on the Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Amazon River
Andean Influences on the Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Amazon River
复制标题
安第斯山脉对亚马逊河生物地球化学和生态的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Naiman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. McClain;R. Naiman
虽然山脉通常只占流域面积的一小部分，但它们可以提供大部分的运输物质，并对河流河段和下游洪泛区的生态特征施加强有力的调节控制。亚马逊河就是这种现象的例证。其浑浊的沃茨和广阔而高产的白水泛滥平原主要是源自遥远的安第斯山脉的力量的产物。亚马逊河的特征在1 000多万年的时间里一直受到这些影响的影响，其目前的形式和各种生物的宿主适应了安第斯输入的年度和年际周期。虽然安第斯山脉仅占亚马逊河流域的13%，但它们是河流主干的沉积物和矿物质营养物的主要来源，安第斯山脉的支流形成了横跨广阔的亚马逊低地的生产走廊。亚马逊河许多最重要的鱼类依靠安第斯支流和主干洪泛平原的生产力，每年的鱼类洄游将安第斯依赖的能量和营养资源分配给邻近的低生产力水生系统。然而，安第斯亚马逊地区人类活动的不断扩大，使山区与低地的联系受到威胁，其后果最终会在数千公里之外感受到。
ABSTRACT Although mountains often constitute only a small fraction of river basin area, they can supply the bulk of transported materials and exert strong regulatory controls on the ecological characteristics of river reaches and floodplains downstream. The Amazon River exemplifies this phenomenon. Its muddy waters and its expansive and highly productive white-water floodplains are largely the products of forces originating in distant Andean mountain ranges. The Amazon's character has been shaped by these influences for more than 10 million years, and its present form and host of diverse organisms are adapted to the annual and interannual cycles of Andean inputs. Although the Andes constitute only 13% of the Amazon River basin, they are the predominant source of sediments and mineral nutrients to the river's main stem, and Andean tributaries form productive corridors extending across the vast Amazonian lowlands. Many of the Amazon's most important fish species rely on the productivity of Andean tributaries and main-stem floodplains, and annual fish migrations distribute Andean-dependent energy and nutrient resources to adjacent lower-productivity aquatic systems. Mountain-lowland linkages are threatened, however, by expanding human activities in the Andean Amazon, with consequences that are eventually felt thousands of kilometers away.