Ethnicity, housing and personal factors as determinants of VOC exposures
Ethnicity, housing and personal factors as determinants of VOC exposures
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.017
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发表时间：
2009-06-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Batterman, Stuart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D'Souza, Jennifer C.;Jia, Chunrong;Batterman, Stuart
以前的研究调查了个人、人口、住房和其他因素对挥发性有机化合物（VOC）暴露的影响，这些研究都集中在平均或中位数暴露上，而通常不是非常感兴趣的高暴露。本文使用具有全国代表性的样本，确定了个人VOC暴露的分位数特定基础上的决定因素。NHANES 1999-2000 VOC数据集与个人、人口、住房、吸烟和职业变量合并。双变量分析测试了几何平均值和分位数在潜在暴露决定因素水平上的差异。然后使用多元样本加权普通最小二乘（OLS）和分位数回归（QR）模型来调整协变量。我们确定了许多暴露决定因素，其中大多数因暴露分位数而异。最引人注目的发现是，西班牙裔和黑人接触到的芳香族挥发性有机化合物（BTEX：苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯）和甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）要高得多。和1,4-二氯苯（DCB）。接触汽油、油漆或胶水，以及从事与机械有关的职业，也与极高的BTEX和MTBE暴露有关。其他决定因素包括车库和开着的窗户的存在，这影响了BTEX（特别是在低分位数）和MTBE（特别是在高分位数）的暴露。吸烟也增加了BTEX的暴露量。DCB与空气清新剂的使用有关，PERC与干洗过的衣服有关。在调整了人口统计、个人和住房因素后，年龄和性别并不是暴露的显著预测因子。QR与OLS结合使用可以更全面地了解暴露决定因素，并确定亚种群和异质暴露组，其中一些个体经历了非常高的暴露，并且不能很好地由平均值变化表示。西班牙裔和黑人的高暴露率令人困惑和不安，值得进一步调查。2009爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Previous studies investigating effects of personal, demographic, housing and other factors on exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOC) have focused on mean or median exposures, and generally not the high exposures that are of great interest. This paper identifies determinants of personal VOC exposures on a quantile-specific basis using a nationally representative sample. The NHANES 1999-2000 VOC dataset was merged with personal, demographic, housing, smoking and occupation variables. Bivariate analyses tested for differences in geometric means and quantiles across levels of potential exposure determinants. Multivariate sample-weighted ordinary least-squares (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) models were then used to adjust for covariates. We identify a number of exposure determinants, most of which varied by exposure quantile. The most striking finding was the much higher exposures experienced by Hispanics and Blacks for aromatic VOCs (BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB). Exposure to gasoline, paints or glues, and having a machine-related occupation also were associated with extremely high BTEX and MTBE exposures. Additional determinants included the presence of attached garages and open windows, which affected exposures of BTEX (especially at lower quantiles) and MTBE (especially at higher quantiles). Smoking also increased BTEX exposures. DCB was associated with air freshener use, and PERC with dry-cleaned clothing. After adjusting for demographic, personal and housing factors, age and gender were not significant predictors of exposure. The use of QR in conjunction with OLS yields a more complete picture of exposure determinants, and identifies subpopulations and heterogeneous exposure groups in which some individuals experience very elevated exposures and which are not well represented by changes in the mean. The high exposures of Hispanics and Blacks are perplexing and disturbing, and they warrant further investigation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.