Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics
Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03876.x
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Soraru, Gian Domenico
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Colombo, Paolo;Mera, Gabriela;Soraru, Gian Domenico
陶瓷前体聚合物在 30 多年前就被提出作为制造主要是硅基先进陶瓷的前体，通常称为聚合物衍生陶瓷 (PDC)。聚合物向陶瓷的转变过程实现了陶瓷科学技术的重大技术突破，例如开发了在分解、结晶、相分离和蠕变方面在超高温（高达2000摄氏度）下稳定的陶瓷纤维、涂层或陶瓷。近年来，已经取得了一些重要进展，例如发现了与 PDC 相关的多种功能特性。此外，对其纳米级结构的新颖见解有助于对 PDC 的各种有用和独特特征的基本理解，这些特征与其高化学耐久性或高抗蠕变性或半导体行为有关。从加工的角度来看，陶瓷前体聚合物已被用作反应性粘合剂来生产技术陶瓷，它们已被操纵以允许在介孔范围内形成有序孔，它们已被测试用于连接先进陶瓷组件，并已被加工成块状或大孔组件。因此，最近的研究和开发活动大大扩展了 PDC 的可能应用领域。适合应用PDC的几个关键工程领域包括耐高温材料（能源材料、汽车、航空航天等）、硬质材料、化学工程（催化剂载体、食品和生物技术等）或电气工程以及微纳电子学中的功能材料。 PDC的科学技术发展是高度跨学科的，处于微米和纳米科学技术的前沿，由化学家、物理学家、矿物学家、材料科学家和工程师提供专业知识。此外，一些专业行业已经将基于 PDC 的组件商业化，并且所用前体的产量和可用性在过去几年中急剧增加。在这篇专题文章中，我们重点介绍了与高级 PDC 研究相关的以下科学问题：(1) 生产硅基陶瓷前体聚合物的一般合成程序。(2) PDC 的特殊微观结构特征。(3) PDC 不寻常的材料特性，这与其独特的纳米级微观结构有关，这使得陶瓷前体聚合物受到各学科研究人员的极大关注。(4) 用陶瓷前体聚合物制造陶瓷组件的加工策略。(5) 讨论和演示利用陶瓷前体聚合物特殊特性的几个可能的实际应用示例。注：过去，专门针对 PDC 举办了一系列专门的国际研讨会，特别是由美国陶瓷学会、欧洲材料学会和材料研究学会组织的研讨会。大多数关于 PDC 的评论要么不是最新的，要么只涉及陶瓷前体聚合物和陶瓷的一个子集（例如，用于生产 SiCN 基陶瓷的硅氮烷）。因此，这篇综述的重点是大量新颖的数据和发展，并包含来自文献的材料，但也包含来自不广泛可用的来源的材料。
Preceramic polymers were proposed over 30 years ago as precursors for the fabrication of mainly Si-based advanced ceramics, generally denoted as polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs). The polymer to ceramic transformation process enabled significant technological breakthroughs in ceramic science and technology, such as the development of ceramic fibers, coatings, or ceramics stable at ultrahigh temperatures (up to 2000 degrees C) with respect to decomposition, crystallization, phase separation, and creep. In recent years, several important advances have been achieved such as the discovery of a variety of functional properties associated with PDCs. Moreover, novel insights into their structure at the nanoscale level have contributed to the fundamental understanding of the various useful and unique features of PDCs related to their high chemical durability or high creep resistance or semiconducting behavior. From the processing point of view, preceramic polymers have been used as reactive binders to produce technical ceramics, they have been manipulated to allow for the formation of ordered pores in the meso-range, they have been tested for joining advanced ceramic components, and have been processed into bulk or macroporous components. Consequently, possible fields of applications of PDCs have been extended significantly by the recent research and development activities. Several key engineering fields suitable for application of PDCs include high-temperature-resistant materials (energy materials, automotive, aerospace, etc.), hard materials, chemical engineering (catalyst support, food- and biotechnology, etc.), or functional materials in electrical engineering as well as in micro/nanoelectronics. The science and technological development of PDCs are highly interdisciplinary, at the forefront of micro- and nanoscience and technology, with expertise provided by chemists, physicists, mineralogists, and materials scientists, and engineers. Moreover, several specialized industries have already commercialized components based on PDCs, and the production and availability of the precursors used has dramatically increased over the past few years. In this feature article, we highlight the following scientific issues related to advanced PDCs research: (1) General synthesis procedures to produce silicon-based preceramic polymers.(2) Special microstructural features of PDCs.(3) Unusual materials properties of PDCs, that are related to their unique nanosized microstructure that makes preceramic polymers of great and topical interest to researchers across a wide spectrum of disciplines.(4) Processing strategies to fabricate ceramic components from preceramic polymers.(5) Discussion and presentation of several examples of possible real-life applications that take advantage of the special characteristics of preceramic polymers. Note: In the past, a wide range of specialized international symposia have been devoted to PDCs, in particular organized by the American Ceramic Society, the European Materials Society, and the Materials Research Society. Most of the reviews available on PDCs are either not up to date or deal with only a subset of preceramic polymers and ceramics (e.g., silazanes to produce SiCN-based ceramics). Thus, this review is focused on a large number of novel data and developments, and contains materials from the literature but also from sources that are not widely available.