Expertise and Intuition: A Tale of Three Theories
Expertise and Intuition: A Tale of Three Theories
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DOI：
10.1007/s11023-008-9131-5
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发表时间：
2009-05-01
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Chassy, Philippe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gobet, Fernand;Chassy, Philippe
有几位作者称赞直觉是专业知识的决定性特征之一。特别是，虽然休伯特·德雷福斯和赫伯特·西蒙在几乎所有涉及人类认知和人工智能的问题上都意见不一，但他们在这一点上是一致的。然而，他们提出的极具影响力的直觉理论在主要方面存在差异，特别是关于搜索的作用以及直觉是整体的还是分析的。这两种理论都有经验上的缺陷。在本文中，我们将展示如何，与一些补充，最近的专家记忆理论（模板理论）提供了一个连贯的和广泛的解释直觉的专家行为。它表明，该理论占直觉的关键特征：它解释了快速发作的直觉和其感性的性质，提供了学习机制，结合过程显示感知如何与行动和情感，以及专家如何捕捉整个情况。在这样做的时候，新理论解决了德雷福斯和西蒙理论的问题。研究和实践的影响进行了讨论。
Several authors have hailed intuition as one of the defining features of expertise. In particular, while disagreeing on almost anything that touches on human cognition and artificial intelligence, Hubert Dreyfus and Herbert Simon agreed on this point. However, the highly influential theories of intuition they proposed differed in major ways, especially with respect to the role given to search and as to whether intuition is holistic or analytic. Both theories suffer from empirical weaknesses. In this paper, we show how, with some additions, a recent theory of expert memory (the template theory) offers a coherent and wide-ranging explanation of intuition in expert behaviour. It is shown that the theory accounts for the key features of intuition: it explains the rapid onset of intuition and its perceptual nature, provides mechanisms for learning, incorporates processes showing how perception is linked to action and emotion, and how experts capture the entirety of a situation. In doing so, the new theory addresses the issues problematic for Dreyfus's and Simon's theories. Implications for research and practice are discussed.