Hormonal and local control of mammary branching morphogenesis
Hormonal and local control of mammary branching morphogenesis
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00105.x
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Werb, Zena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sternlicht, Mark D.;Kouros-Mehr, Hosein;Werb, Zena
与其他分支器官不同，乳腺在青春期而不是胚胎发育期间经历了大部分分支。它的形态发生开始于子宫内，在出生和青春期之间暂停，并响应卵巢雌激素恢复，形成开放的导管树，最终填充年轻女性成年的整个乳房脂肪垫。重要的是，这种“开放”的结构在怀孕期间为器官留出了空间，以便在光秃秃的树枝上形成产奶的肺泡。此后，导管用于输送在整个泌乳过程中产生的乳汁。引发乳腺发育的这些不同阶段的激素信号利用局部信号级联和相互的基质-上皮相互作用来协调组织重组、分化和定义每个阶段的特定活动。幸运的是，乳腺很容易接受实验研究，因此，我们对控制其发育的机制有一个公平的，尽管不完整的理解。这篇综述讨论了我们目前对这些机制的认识和理解，因为它们与乳腺分支有关，但有更多的方面仍有待解决。
Unlike other branched organs, the mammary gland undergoes most of its branching during adolescent rather than embryonic development. Its morphogenesis begins in utero, pauses between birth and puberty, and resumes in response to ovarian estrogens to form an open ductal tree that eventually fills the entire mammary fat pad of the young female adult. Importantly, this "open" architecture leaves room during pregnancy for the organ to develop milk-producing alveoli like leaves on otherwise bare branches. Thereafter, the ducts serve to deliver the milk that is produced throughout lactation. The hormonal cues that elicit these various phases of mammary development utilize local signaling cascades and reciprocal stromal-epithelial interactions to orchestrate the tissue reorganization, differentiation and specific activities that define each phase. Fortunately, the mammary gland is rather amenable to experimental inquiry and, as a result, we have a fair, although incomplete, understanding of the mechanisms that control its development. This review discusses our current sense and understanding of those mechanisms as they pertain to mammary branching, with the caveat that many more aspects are still waiting to be solved.