Evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions in Spain: ceilings versus taxes
Evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions in Spain: ceilings versus taxes
复制标题
西班牙氮氧化物和二氧化硫排放量的演变：上限与税收
DOI：
10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Y. Lechón
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Diego García;H. Cabal;Y. Lechón
尽管在过去十年中，西班牙的NOx和SO2排放量大幅减少，但西班牙仍坚定地致力于继续降低污染水平，以改善空气质量标准。开展这项工作是为了缓解国家一级缺乏《国家排放上限指令》(NECD)评估的问题。西班牙的案例被用作欧盟的例证。使用TIMES-西班牙能源优化模型对NOx和SO2排放的演变进行了深入分析。这项工作分为三个部分。首先，NECD的实施及其对NOx和SO2排放的演变以及电力生产组合的影响；其次，对这些污染物的税收进行了建模和讨论；最后，评估了拟议的“2013年欧盟清洁空气一揽子计划”上限，以更新NECD。结果表明，要实现国家可再生能源发展目标，电力系统需要大量使用可再生能源，主要是风能和太阳能。此外，还对NOx和SO2征税进行了评估。结果表明，对污染物征税导致的排放量低于使用NECD的排放量。因此，目前的上限还不够严格，不足以将与这些污染物相关的所有环境破坏内在化。因此，通过欧盟清洁空气政策一揽子计划中包括的新上限，讨论了NECD的适宜性。结果表明，拟议的减排量不足以补偿环境损害，特别是在短期内。
Even though significant NOx and SO2 emissions reductions have been observed in Spain during last decade, there is a strong commitment to keep reducing the levels of pollution in order to improve air quality standards. This work has been carried out to ease the lack of National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) assessments at country level. The Spanish case has been used as illustrative of the European Union. The evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions has been analysed in depth using the TIMES-Spain energy optimisation model. The work has been structured into three parts. First, the implementation of the NECD and the consequences both on the evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions, and the electricity production mix; second, taxation on these pollutants has been modelled and discussed; and finally, the proposed “2013 EU Clean Air Package” ceilings to update NECD have been assessed. Results showed that meeting NECD targets would involve a high contribution of renewable sources to the electricity system, mainly wind and solar. In addition, NOx and SO2 taxation has been assessed. Results showed that taxes on pollutants led to lower emissions than using NECD. Hence, current ceilings are not strict enough to internalise all the environmental damages associated to those pollutants. In consequence, the suitability of the NECD has been discussed by means of the new ceilings included in the EU Clean Air Policy Package. Results showed that proposed reductions are insufficient to compensate the environmental damages especially in the short term.