Reported speech in medieval German narratives
Reported speech in medieval German narratives
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中世纪德国叙事中的报道性演讲
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Jane Emberson
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作者：
Jane Emberson
报道的言语是或声称是叙述中报道的直接言语。根据更详细的定义，它从属于原始词，即直接引语，作为依赖于主子句（报告子句）的名词子句；第一人称和第二人称可能会更改为第三人称，动词可能会更改为过去时（英语）或从直陈语气更改为虚拟语气（德语）。因此，“我周日会来”变成“她说她周日会来”，“Sie sagte, daB sie am Sonntag komme / kame / kommen wurde”。然而，语法学家和其他研究报告语音的作者认识到，它通常不符合精确的语法描述，而是释义或总结；引用迪特·施特劳斯的话，它“rafft. die Aussage...auf ihre Kernsatze, auf die Resultate der ursprilnlichen Rede”，它只呈现原始演讲的关键句子或结果。2 一种常见的趋势是用一个从句、短语或单词来概括内容：“她告诉他她为什么来”、“她告诉他她一生的故事”、“她告诉他这个新闻”。另一种是报告动词接管部分或全部内容：“她对自己的损失感到遗憾”，“他们讨论了这场战斗”，“她拒绝了”。显然，任何一种直接言语都可以通过多种不同的方式进行报告（例如，具有不同数量的细节）。但研究中世纪叙事的施特劳斯在写“ursprlinglichen Rede”（原创演讲）时没有切中要害，就好像中世纪的故事讲述者实际上只是在报道。3 在小说中，报道的演讲是作者可以使用的形式之一；他采用这种形式，并不是因为发生了真实的对话，他有义务报告这种对话，而是因为他在某个特定时刻选择了这种形式，以实现某种目的。
Reported speech is, or purports to be, direct speech reported in narrative. According to more detailed definitions, it subordinates the original words, the direct speech, as a noun clause dependent on a main clause (the reporting clause); firstand second-person references are likely to be changed to third person, and verbs may be changed to a tense further in the past (in English) or from the indicative to the subjunctive mood (in German). Thus "I am coming on Sunday" becomes "She said she was coming on Sunday", "Sie sagte, daB sie am Sonntag komme / kame / kommen wurde".l Grammarians and other writers on reported speech recognize, however, that it often does not fit that precise grammatical description, but paraphrases or summarizes; to quote Dieter Strauss, it "rafft. die Aussage...auf ihre Kernsatze, auf die Resultate der ursprilnglichen Rede" it presents only the key sentences or the results of the original speech.2 One common tendency is for the content to be summarized in a clause, phrase or word: "She told him why she had come", "She told him the story of her life", "She told him the news". Another is for the reporting verb to take over some or all of the content: "She lamented her loss", "They discussed the battle", "She refused". Clearly any one direct speech can be reported in a number of different ways (with differing amounts of detail, for instance). But Strauss, who is dealing with medieval narratives, misses the mark when he writes of an "ursprlinglichen Rede" (an original speech), as though the medieval story-teller were in fact merely reporting.3 In fiction, reported speech is one of the forms available to an author; he adopts it, not because a real conversation has occurred, which he is obliged to report, but because he chooses this form at a particular point to achieve a