Another look at the origin of late blight of potatoes, tomatoes, and pear melon in the Andes of South America
Another look at the origin of late blight of potatoes, tomatoes, and pear melon in the Andes of South America
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DOI：
10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.682
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发表时间：
1997-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Abad, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Abad, ZG;Abad, JA
（蒙特）De Bary是人类历史上最具破坏性的植物病害之一。在19世纪40年代，这种真菌在美国和欧洲引起了流行病，最终导致了1845年著名的爱尔兰马铃薯饥荒。这些晚疫病的流行给许多人带来了饥饿，并使许多人迁移和死亡。间接地，晚疫病也刺激了植物病理学作为一门科学的起源。植物病理学始于伯克利和德巴里的贡献。伯克利牧师成为晚疫病“真菌理论”的主要支持者（1845）（12），安东·德·巴里（Anton De Bary）提供了证据，证明晚疫病是由他命名为致病疫霉（Phytophthora infestans）的真菌引起的（1876）（22）。这些先驱者还认为，真菌是从南美洲的安第斯山脉进口到欧洲，马铃薯的原产地（12，21，22）。许多其他著名的植物病理学家支持这一观点，直到1939年，当雷迪克提出了新的概念，墨西哥中部是晚疫病的起源中心（59）。今天，墨西哥被广泛认为是致病疫霉的起源中心（26，27，31，47，74）。根据目前的植物病理学文献，P. infestans于1842年从墨西哥中部引入美国，并于1845年从那里引入欧洲（26，27，31）。在南美洲，晚疫病于1887年在阿根廷和1898年在巴西的存在被归因于19世纪80年代从欧洲引进的马铃薯（47）。在目前的科学文献中，晚疫病首次出现在秘鲁是在1929年（47）或1947年（61），在玻利维亚是在1943年，在智利是在1949年（47）;没有确定其他安第斯国家，如哥伦比亚或厄瓜多尔（47，61）的日期。除阿根廷和巴西外，该病在南美国家的起源尚未得到明确解释。人们普遍认为，秘鲁是马铃薯、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.）、和梨瓜（Solanum muricatum Ait.）(36，48），致病疫霉的三种主要寄主（1，3，19，67）。与晚疫病是最近在秘鲁和其他安第斯国家发生的概念相反，历史文献中存在强有力的证据表明，该疾病在该地区已经流行了几个世纪。这份报告审查了关于致病疫霉起源的历史文献，希望能更多地揭示这个迷人的谜团。关于这一评估的初步报告已经发表（2）。
(Mont.) De Bary, is one of the most devastating plant diseases in human history. During the 1840s, the fungus caused epidemics in the United States and Europe culminating in the famous Irish potato famine of 1845. These late blight epidemics brought hunger to many people and the migration and death of many others. Indirectly, late blight also was a stimulus to the origins of plant pathology as a science. Plant pathology began with the contributions of Berkeley and De Bary. Reverend Berkeley became the main supporter of the “fungal theory” of late blight (1845)(12), and Anton De Bary provided evidence that late blight was caused by the fungus that he named Phytophthora infestans (1876)(22). These pioneers also believed that the fungus was imported to Europe from the Andes of South America, the native land of potatoes (12, 21, 22). Many other notable plant pathologists supported this idea until 1939, when Reddick presented the new concept that central Mexico was the center of origin of late blight (59). Today, Mexico is widely considered to be the center of origin of P. infestans (26, 27, 31, 47, 74). According to current plant pathology literature, P. infestans was introduced from central Mexico to the United States in 1842, and thence to Europe in 1845 (26, 27, 31). In South America, the presence of late blight in Argentina in 1887 and Brazil in 1898 has been attributed to an introduction of potatoes from Europe in the 1880s (47). In current scientific literature, the first appearance of late blight in Peru was in 1929 (47) or 1947 (61), in Bolivia in 1943, and in Chile in 1949 (47); no dates have been established for other Andean countries such as Colombia or Ecuador (47, 61). The origins of the disease in South American countries other than Argentina and Brazil have not been definitively explained.It is widely accepted that Peru is the center of origin of potato, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and pear melon (Solanum muricatum Ait.)(36, 48), the three major hosts of P. infestans (1, 3, 19, 67). Contrary to the concept that late blight is of recent occurrence in Peru and other Andean countries, strong evidence exists in the historical literature that the disease has been endemic in the area for centuries. This report examines the historical literature on the origin of P. infestans in hopes of shedding more light on this fascinating mystery. A preliminary report on this assessment has been published (2).