Utilizing sponge spicules in taxonomic, ecological and environmental reconstructions: a review.
Utilizing sponge spicules in taxonomic, ecological and environmental reconstructions: a review.
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作者：
Łukowiak M
大多数海绵产生由骨针形成的骨骼，骨针是以各种各样的大小和三维形状发育的结构元件。骨针的形态往往是独特的分支-甚至物种水平的分类群，这使得他们在分类任务特别有用。当死亡的海绵体解体时，针状体被并入沉积物中，有时积累成巨大的聚集体，称为针状垫或床，或针状体，形成特殊类型的岩石，称为针状岩。海绵骨针的化石和亚化石记录非常丰富，经常作为海绵群落的深远重建的基础，尽管骨针也是重要的生态和环境信息的载体。海绵的特定要求和偏好可用于解释它们生活的环境，并重建水深，pH值，温度和其他参数的振荡，提供过去气候条件的快照。反过来，骨针中的硅同位素组成（δ 30 Si）越来越多地被用来估计整个地质历史中海洋环境中的草酸水平，这使得能够重建过去的二氧化硅循环和海洋环流。本文综述了海绵骨针在重建海绵群落、生态和环境中的应用，旨在发现其利用中的相关空白。尽管骨针以其作为分类学、生态学和环境数据载体的重要性而闻名，但其潜力仍有待充分开发。
Most sponges produce skeletons formed by spicules, structural elements that develop in a wide variety of sizes and tridimensional shapes. The morphologies of spicules are often unique to clade- or even species-level taxa which makes them particularly useful in taxonomic assignments. When dead sponge bodies disintegrate, spicules become incorporated into sediments and sometimes accumulate into enormous agglomerations called spicule mats or beds, or fossilize to form special type of rocks called the spiculites. The record of fossil and subfossil sponge spicules is extraordinarily rich and often serves as a basis for far-reaching reconstructions of sponge communities, though spicules are also bearers of significant ecological and environmental information. Specific requirements and preferences of sponges can be used to interpret the environment in which they lived, and reconstruct oscillations in water depths, pH, temperatures, and other parameters, providing snapshots of past climate conditions. In turn, the silicon isotope compositions in spicules (δ30Si) are being increasingly often used to estimate the level of silicic acid in the marine settings throughout the geological history, which enables to reconstruct the past silica cycle and ocean circulation. This contribution provides a review of the use of sponge spicules in reconstructions of sponge communities, their ecology, and environments, and aims to detect the pertinent gaps in their utilization. Even though spicules are well known for their significance as bearers of taxonomic, ecological, and environmental data, their potential remains to be fully exploited.