Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control.
Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control.
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发表时间：
1989
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通讯作者：
F. Zajac
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作者：
F. Zajac
骨骼肌将神经控制信号转化为作用于身体各部分的力量，以实现协调的运动任务。这种转变是复杂的，不仅因为肌肉的特性是复杂的，而且因为肌腱影响肌肉力向骨骼的传递。本文综述了如何综合肌肉和肌腱的基本特性来构建适用于协调性研究的模型。在回顾了肌肉和肌腱的特性后，通过建立“肌肉-肌腱致动器”的通用模型，研究了它们静态和动态产生力的综合能力，该模型只有一个参数，即静止肌腱长度与静止肌纤维长度之比。为了说明该模型的实用性，本文分析了这一参数如何指定是兴奋-收缩还是肌肉-肌腱收缩是力产生的限速过程，弹性能量是储存在肌腱还是肌肉中，以及髋关节和膝关节伸肌致动器在行走过程中是否起到弹簧或减震器的作用。
Skeletal muscles transform neural control signals into forces that act upon the body segments to effect a coordinated motor task. This transformation is complex, not only because the properties of muscles are complex, but because the tendon affects the transmission of muscle force to the skeleton. This review focuses on how to synthesize basic properties of muscle and tendon to construct models applicable to studies of coordination. After a review of the properties of muscle and tendon, their integrated ability to generate force statically and dynamically is studied by formulating a generic model of the "musculotendon actuator", which has only one parameter, the ratio of tendon length at rest to muscle fiber length at rest. To illustrate the utility of the model, it is analyzed to show how this one parameter specifies whether excitation-contraction or musculotendon contraction is the rate-limiting process of force generation, whether elastic energy is stored in tendon or muscle, and whether hip- and knee-extensor actuators function as springs or dashpots during walking.