Biological monitoring of workers after the application of insecticidal pyrethroids
Biological monitoring of workers after the application of insecticidal pyrethroids
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DOI：
10.1007/s00420-003-0451-8
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Angerer, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hardt, J;Angerer, J
目标.拟除虫菊酯作为杀虫剂在世界各地使用。拟除虫菊酯的人体代谢产生了适合生物监测的尿液代谢物。该研究的目的是评价拟除虫菊酯职业应用引起的个体暴露，作为评估健康风险的前提条件。方法.在德国，36名使用杀虫剂和其他农药的工人在农业、温室或室内害虫控制中使用各种拟除虫菊酯（α-氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯）后，采集了他们的尿液样本（24小时）。进行了生物监测，并通过GC-MS分析了61份尿样中的代谢物：顺式-3-（2，2-二氯乙烯基）-2，2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸和反式-3-（2，2-二氯乙烯基）-2，2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸（cis-Cl（2）CA和trans-Cl（2）CA）、顺式-3-（2，2-二溴乙烯基）-2，2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸（cis-Br（2）CA）、3-苯氧基苯甲酸（3-PBA）和4-氟-3-苯氧基苯甲酸（FPBA）。从没有职业暴露于拟除虫菊酯的人员中采集的45份尿液样本（24 h）作为对照。浓度与肌酐含量相关，并表示为微克/克肌酐。结果对照尿样显示，一般人群中有相当多的拟除虫菊酯代谢物背景排泄。Cl（2）CA和cis-Br（2）CA浓度的第95百分位数分别为2.1和0.1 mug/g肌酐。在任何对照尿液中均未检出FPBA，在整个研究中仅在一份样本中检出FPBA。在职业应用拟除虫菊酯后，在室内害虫控制操作员组中检测到尿样中代谢物的最高浓度。Cl（2）CA、3-PBA和顺式Br（2）CA的最大浓度（中位数）分别为92.4 mug/g（1.8 mug/g）、57.5 mug/g（1.4 mug/g）和1.1 mug/g（中位数低于检测限）。温室工人排泄的代谢物中位浓度如下：2.9 mug/g Cl（2）CA，0.5 mug/g cis-Br（2）CA和2.9 mug/g 3-PBA。对于Cl（2）CA和cis-Br（2）CA，农业工人样本中代谢物浓度的中位数低于检测限，但3-PBA的值为0.6 μ g/g。害虫控制操作员排泄的Cl（2）CA和3-PBA的浓度显着高于工人在农业集体的基础上。将代谢物的排泄浓度与世卫组织设定的拟除虫菊酯每日可接受摄入量（ADI）值进行比较，结果显示，在职业应用期间摄入的拟除虫菊酯数量并没有显著高于ADI。结论.因此，我们得出结论，在德国，工人职业性暴露于拟除虫菊酯后，如果正确使用，预计不会产生不良健康影响。良好的工作做法需要在职业卫生和医药方面得到充分的监督。
Objectives. Pyrethroids are applied as insecticides throughout the world. Human metabolism of pyrethroids results in urinary metabolites that are suitable for biological monitoring. The aim of the study was to evaluate individual exposure due to occupational application of pyrethroids as a precondition for the assessment of health risks. Methods. Thirty-six workers who applied insecticides and other pesticides in Germany collected samples of their urine (24 h) after having used various pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, tau-fluvalinate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) in agriculture, greenhouses or indoor pest control. Biological monitoring was carried out and metabolites were analysed in 61 urine samples by GC-MS: cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Cl(2)CA and trans-Cl(2)CA), cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Br(2)CA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPBA). Forty-five urine specimens collected (24 h) from persons with no occupational exposure to pyrethroids served as controls. Concentrations were related to creatinine content and expressed as microgrammes per gramme creatinine. Results. Control urine samples revealed a considerable background excretion of pyrethroid metabolites by the general population. The 95th percentile of the concentrations of Cl(2)CA and cis-Br(2)CA were 2.1 and 0.1 mug/g creatinine, respectively. FPBA was not detected in any control urine and was found in only one sample within the complete study. After occupational application of pyrethroids the highest concentrations of metabolites in urine samples were detected within the group of indoor pest-control operators. The maximum concentrations (median values) of Cl(2)CA, 3-PBA, and cis-Br(2)CA were 92.4 mug/g (1.8 mug/g), 57.5 mug/g (1.4 mug/g) and 1.1 mug/g (median below detection limit), respectively. Workers in greenhouses excreted metabolites with median concentrations as follows: 2.9 mug/g Cl(2)CA, 0.5 mug/g cis-Br(2)CA and 2.9 mug/g 3-PBA. Medians of the metabolite concentrations in specimens from agricultural workers were below the detection limit with regard to Cl(2)CA and cis-Br(2)CA, but the value was 0.6 mug/g for 3-PBA. Pest-control operators excreted significantly higher concentrations of Cl(2)CA and 3-PBA than workers in agriculture on a collective basis. Comparison of the excreted concentrations of metabolites with values of acceptable daily intake (ADI) of pyrethroids set by WHO revealed that the amount of pyrethroids that had been taken up during occupational application was not considerably higher than the ADI. Conclusions. As a consequence, we conclude that adverse health effects are not to be expected after workers' occupational exposure to pyrethroids in Germany, provided that the application is carried out properly. Good working practices need to be supported by adequate supervision with regard to occupational hygiene and medicine.