WHY FACES ARE AND ARE NOT SPECIAL - AN EFFECT OF EXPERTISE
WHY FACES ARE AND ARE NOT SPECIAL - AN EFFECT OF EXPERTISE
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DOI：
10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.107
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发表时间：
1986-06-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
CAREY, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DIAMOND, R;CAREY, S
与迄今为止所研究的任何其他材料的记忆相比，面孔的识别记忆受到倒置呈现的阻碍要大得多。目前的研究表明，面孔并不是唯一的这种脆弱性反转。实验还试图分离反转效应的来源。在一个实验中，使用的刺激（景观），其中元素之间的空间关系是潜在的重要区别特征，不保证一个大的反转效果。另外两个实验表明，对于有足够知识的狗专家来说，同一品种的狗，对该品种狗的照片的记忆被颠倒破坏，就像面部识别一样。最后一个实验表明，方向对面孔记忆的影响并不取决于无法识别这些刺激颠倒的单一特征。这些实验与这样一种观点是一致的，即专家在记忆中代表的是与新手不同的区别特征。对所使用的特征类型以及这一成就的神经心理学和发育影响进行了推测。
Recognition memory for faces is hampered much more by inverted presentation than is memory for any other material so far examined. The present study demonstrates that faces are not unique with regard to this vulnerability to inversion. The experiments also attempt to isolate the source of the inversion effect. In one experiment, use of stimuli (landscapes) in which spatial relations among elements are potentially important distinguishing features is shown not to guarantee a large inversion effect. Two additional experiments show that for dog experts sufficiently knowledgeable to individuate dogs of the same breed, memory for photographs of dogs of that breed is as disrupted by inversion as is face recognition. A final experiment indicates that the effect of orientation on memory for faces does not depend on inability to identify single features of these stimuli upside down. These experiments are consistent with the view that experts represent items in memory in terms of distinguishing features of a different kind than do novices. Speculations as to the type of feature used and neuropsychological and developmental implications of this accomplishment are offered.