Peptides in brain and intestine
Peptides in brain and intestine
复制标题
大脑和肠道中的肽
作者：
A. Pearse
1931年，在研究乙酰胆碱的分布时，von Euler和Gaddum（J. Physiol.，72，74）在马脑和肠的醇提取物中检测到一种平滑肌刺激和膨胀剂，其后来被发现（Chang和Gaddum，J. Physiol.，79，255; 1933）称为P物质（粉末）。其作为肽（蛋白质）的身份很快被确立（von Euler，Skand.生理学基础，73，142; 1936），但其分离和表征不得不等待近40年（Chang和Leeman，J. biol. Chem.，245，4784; 1970; Chang，Leeman和Niall，Nature，232，86; 1971）。现在可以看到，P物质的故事几乎提供了理解最近大量关于脑和肠共有肽的报道所需的所有线索。后一个区域可以更准确地描述为“胃肠道和胰腺”，并且肽一方面被认为是推定的或已证实的神经递质，另一方面被认为是推定的或实际的激素。常见肽的当前列表及其原始和新位置在表1中给出。列表中的前两种肽主要是神经来源的。通过放射免疫测定证实，P物质在脑中的浓度最高，在黑质和下丘脑中，现在通过免疫细胞化学技术，P物质不仅在中枢神经系统中定位（Hökfelt等人，Science，190，889; 1975），而且在胃肠道（Pearse和Polak，Histochemistry，41，373; 1975）和胆管的一些肠嗜铬（EC）细胞中。该肽（H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH）可能广泛分布于初级感觉神经元及其过程和大脑许多区域的神经末梢中。从绵羊下丘脑中分离得到，（H-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH），Brazeau等人（Science，179，77; 1973）。后来发现生长抑素抑制大量内分泌肽的释放，包括胰岛素、胰高血糖素和胃泌素，通过放射免疫测定法在胃和胰腺中检测到生长抑素，其浓度等于下丘脑中记录的浓度（Arimura等人，Science，189，1007; 1975）。免疫细胞化学法显示，它定位于下丘脑的前室核神经元，神经垂体的神经纤维，
IN 1931, while studying the distribution of acetylcholine, von Euler and Gaddum (J. Physiol., 72, 74) detected, in alcoholic extracts of equine brain and intestine, a smooth muscle stimulating and hypotensive agent which was later (Chang and Gaddum, J. Physiol., 79, 255; 1933) called substance P (for powder). Its identity as a peptide (protein) was soon established (von Euler, Skand. Arch. Physiol., 73, 142; 1936) but its isolation and charac-terisation had to wait for almost 40 years (Chang and Leeman, J. biol. Chem., 245, 4784; 1970; Chang, Leeman and Niall, Nature, 232, 86; 1971). The story of substance P can now be seen to provide nearly all the clues required for an understanding of the recent spate of reports of peptides com-mon to brain and intestine. The latter region can more accurately be described as “gastrointestinal tract and pancreas' and the peptides are regarded on the one hand as presumptive or proven neurotransmitters and, on the other, as pre-sumptive or actual hormones. A current list of the common peptides, with their original and new locations, is given in Table 1. The first two peptides in the list are primarily of neural origin. Demonstrated in brain by radio-immunoassay, with highest concentrations in the substantia nigra and hypo-thalamus, substance P has now been localised, by immunocytochemical techniques, not only in the central nervous system (Hökfelt et al., Science, 190, 889; 1975), but also in some of the enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal tract (Pearse and Polak, Histochemistry, 41, 373; 1975) and bile ducts. This peptide (H–Arg–Pro–Lys–Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu–Met-NH,) is probably widely distributed in primary sensory neurones and their pro-cesses, and in nerve terminals in many areas of the brain.Somatostatin, named for its growth hormone release inhibiting properties, was isolated from ovine hypothalamus and characterised as a tetradecapeptide (H–Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp–Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH) by Brazeau et al.(Science, 179, 77; 1973). Later found to inhibit release of a much larger number of endocrine peptides, including insulin, glucagon and gastrin, somatostatin was detected by radioimmunoassay in the stomach and pancreas, in concentrations equal to those recorded in the hypothalamus (Arimura et al., Science, 189, 1007; 1975). It has been localised immunocytochemically in the neurones of the nucleus pcriventricularis of the hypothalamus, in nerve fibres in the neurohypophysis and