Recognizing Resilience: Learning from the Effects of Stress on the Brain.
Recognizing Resilience: Learning from the Effects of Stress on the Brain.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.001
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Nasca, Carla
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
McEwen, Bruce S;Gray, Jason;Nasca, Carla
作为压力和适应压力源的中枢器官，大脑在可能导致成功适应或病理生理学以及精神和身体疾病的行为和生理反应中起着关键作用。在这方面，复原力可定义为“在逆境中取得积极成果”。在这个看似简单的陈述之下，有几个问题：第一，这种能力在多大程度上局限于塑造个体的环境，或者说它能更灵活吗？第二，在生命过程中，大脑什么时候发展出积极适应新挑战的灵活性能力？第三，在早期生活经历限制了这种能力的个体中，这种灵活性能被赋予吗？大脑结构在整个成年生活中继续显示出可塑性，对基因表达和表观遗传调控的研究揭示了一个动态和不断变化的大脑。其目标是认识到这些生物变化的基础灵活的适应性，并认识到基因途径，表观遗传因素和结构变化，表明缺乏弹性，导致负面结果，特别是当个人受到新的情况的挑战。早期的生活经历通过表观遗传途径和大脑结构的形成决定了这种能力的个体差异，而这些决定了后来灵活适应的能力或缺乏这种能力。在缺乏这种弹性的个体中重新激活这种可塑性是研究和实际应用的新挑战。最后，大脑可塑性的性别差异往往被忽视，必须进行更全面的调查。
As the central organ of stress and adaptation to stressors, the brain plays a pivotal role in behavioral and physiological responses that may lead to successful adaptation or to pathophysiology and mental and physical disease. In this context, resilience can be defined as “achieving a positive outcome in the face of adversity”. Underlying this deceptively simple statement are several questions; first, to what extent is this ability limited to those environments that have shaped the individual or can it be more flexible; second, when in the life course does the brain develop capacity for flexibility for adapting positively to new challenges; and third, can such flexibility be instated in individuals where early life experiences have limited that capacity? Brain architecture continues to show plasticity throughout adult life and studies of gene expression and epigenetic regulation reveal a dynamic and ever-changing brain. The goal is to recognize those biological changes that underlie flexible adaptability, and to recognize gene pathways, epigenetic factors and structural changes that indicate lack of resilience leading to negative outcomes, particularly when the individual is challenged by new circumstances. Early life experiences determine individual differences in such capabilities via epigenetic pathways and laying down of brain architecture that determine the later capacity for flexible adaptation or the lack thereof. Reactivation of such plasticity in individuals lacking such resilience is a new challenge for research and practical application. Finally, sex differences in the plasticity of the brain are often overlooked and must be more fully investigated.