DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT, FORAGING, AND ECHOLOCATION IN THE LITTLE BROWN BAT (MYOTIS-LUCIFUGUS)
DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT, FORAGING, AND ECHOLOCATION IN THE LITTLE BROWN BAT (MYOTIS-LUCIFUGUS)
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00569202
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
BUCHLER, ER
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BUCHLER, ER
1.研究了两个小棕蝠群Myotis lucifugus（vespertilonidae）。年轻人不能在他们栖息的建筑物内进行飞行练习。估计相对年龄的幼鸟和成年鸟被光标记，释放并跟踪，以确定飞行技能和觅食行为的发展。观察定向声音并录音。在大约19-20日龄时，最早的飞行通常相对较短（几十秒或更短），但考虑到缺乏练习，这仍然是了不起的。幼鸟最初是在成年鸟离开觅食后出现的，它们避免进入声音复杂的栖息地，在离栖息地50米的范围内缓慢飞行，并经常笨拙地着陆。它们避开其他会飞的蝙蝠，也不追捕昆虫。休息的时间比飞行的时间多。年龄稍大的幼鸟，大约从22-23天开始，逐渐增加飞行距离和持续时间（表1），并开始在空地或森林边缘捕食昆虫。一些人在这个时候采用了“捕蝇器”的狩猎风格。他们仍然避免飞行的昆虫。最后的发展阶段大约在24-27天开始，可能持续2周或更长时间。它实际上包括持续不断的飞行、追逐昆虫和与成虫难以区分的动作，以及在羽化、沿着传统路线飞行和觅食过程中逐渐与成虫融合。在野外、飞行笼或大房间中记录已知和估计相对年龄的年轻人的回声定位声音。同样，发展迅速。着陆的嗡嗡声总是会出现，即使在第一次飞行时也是如此，尽管频率的逐渐变化有时不像成年人那样均匀。在早期飞行的所有阶段，脉搏的频率都低于成年人。在巡航和进近阶段发射的那些通常是成对的。这种配对可能具有个体发育和系统发育的意义。几天后，配对消失，大约1周内，所有回声定位参数与成虫相似（图1；表2）。
1.Two colonies of little brown bats,Myotis lucifugus(Vespertilionidae), were studied for two summers. The young could not perform practice flights within the buildings where they roosted. Young of estimated relative ages and adults were light-tagged, released, and tracked to determine the development of flying skills and foraging behavior. Orientation sounds were observed and tape-recorded.2.The earliest flights at ca. 19–20 days of age were usually relatively brief (a few tens of seconds or less) but still remarkable considering the absence of practice. The young at first emerged after adults had left to forage, avoided entering acoustically complex habitats, flew slowly within about 50 m of the roost, and made frequent, awkward landings. They avoided other flying bats and did not pursue insects. More time was spent in rest than flight.3.Slightly older young, beginning at ca. 22–23 days, gradually increased their flight distance and duration (Table 1) and began to hunt insects in clearings or at the forest edge. Some adopted a ‘flycatcher’ hunting style at this time. They still avoided flying conspecifics.4.The final phase of development began at about days 24–27 and may last 2 weeks or more. It involved virtually continual flight, insect pursuits, and maneuvers that became indistinguishable from those of adults, and also gradual integration with the adults during emergence, flight along traditional routes, and foraging.5.The echolocation sounds of young of known and estimated relative ages were recorded in the field, a flight cage, or large room. Again, development was rapid. Landing buzzes always occurred, even in the first flight, although the progressive changes in frequency were sometimes not as uniform as in adults.6.The pulses during all phases of early flight were of lower frequency than in adults. Those emitted during cruise and approach phases were frequently paired. There is possible ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance to this pairing. Within a few days, the pairing disappeared and within ca. 1 week all echolocation parameters became similar to those of adults (Fig. 1; Table 2).