Clouds and Aerosols
Clouds and Aerosols
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云和气溶胶
DOI：
10.1017/9781107447738.012
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
U. Schumann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Bernath;U. Schumann
“气象学”这门学科得名于流星（“meteoros”在希腊语中意为“高处的事物”）或悬浮在空气中的颗粒。其中许多主要由水（水凝物）组成，即云和降水颗粒。所有其他颗粒，无论是液相还是固相，都包含在术语“气溶胶颗粒”下。从字面上看，“气溶胶”是颗粒及其周围空气的整体，源自拉丁语“aer”（空气）和“solutio”（溶液）。在下文中，当更准确地指“气溶胶颗粒”时，我们也采用“气溶胶”一词，因为在大气科学中，颗粒总是被空气包围，因此没有必要进行区分。这种用法与大多数相关文献是一致的。气溶胶、云和降水颗粒以多种方式相互作用，最突出的是，因为云颗粒在气溶胶颗粒上形成，并且因为气溶胶颗粒可以被降水清除。在某些地区，当今大气气溶胶中有相当一部分是人为造成的。这对气候系统产生了辐射强迫，被认为是人为气候变化中仅次于人为温室效应的第二大辐射强迫，但具有更大的不确定性和相反的负号。本章解释了气溶胶和气溶胶-云-降水相互作用的基本原理（不同假设的示意性解释见图11.1，稍后提供详细信息）、已建立的和更多假设的相互作用过程，以及观察和理解这些相互作用及其对气候的影响的方法。这样做主要基于既定的理论和概念，例如第 3 章中介绍的云微物理过程以及第 4 章中讨论的云对辐射的各种影响。本章特别关注人为气溶胶和气溶胶前体排放对气候的影响程度。它首先讨论了气溶胶、其化学和物理特性、其来源、转化和汇。随后描述了气溶胶与辐射的相互作用，更广泛地说，与云的相互作用以及辐射收支的隐含变化。随后，讨论了气溶胶及其辐射强迫对大规模气候现象、空气质量和气候变化的作用。最后一部分介绍了观测人为气溶胶引起的云和辐射扰动的挑战，以及模拟气溶胶-云-辐射相互作用的挑战。
The discipline ‘meteorology’got its name from the meteors (‘meteoros’ is Greek for the ‘things high up’) or particles that are suspended in the air. Many of those consist mostly of water (hydrometeors), namely the cloud and precipitation particles. All other particles, of both liquid and solid phases, are subsumed under the term ‘aerosol particles’. Literally ‘aerosol’is the ensemble of the particles and the air surrounding them, from Latin ‘aer’(air) and ‘solutio’(solution). In the following, we also adopt the term ‘aerosol’when more precisely ‘aerosol particles’ are meant, since in atmospheric science the particles are always surrounded by air, so the distinction is unnecessary. This usage is in line with most of the relevant literature. Aerosol, cloud and precipitation particles interact in many ways–most prominently, because cloud particles form on aerosol particles and because aerosol particles can be scavenged by precipitation. In certain regions, a considerable fraction of today’s atmospheric aerosol is anthropogenic. This exerts a radiative forcing of the climate system, considered the second largest one in anthropogenic climate change, after the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, but of much larger uncertainty and of opposite–negative–sign. This chapter explains the fundamentals of aerosols and aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions (see Fig. 11.1 for a schematic explanation of the different hypotheses, details are provided later), the established and more hypothetical interaction processes, and means to observe and understand these interactions and their consequences for climate. Doing so is largely based on the established theory and concepts such as the cloud microphysical processes presented in Chapter 3 and the various impacts of clouds on radiation that are discussed in Chapter 4. The chapter’s special focus is on the extent anthropogenic aerosol and aerosol precursor emissions affect climate. It first discusses the aerosol, its chemical and physical characteristics, its sources, transformations and sinks.This is followed by a description of the interaction of aerosols with radiation and, more extensively, with clouds and the implied alteration of the radiation budget. Subsequently, the role of aerosols and their radiative forcing for large-scale climate phenomena, for air quality and climate change are discussed. The last part introduces the challenges in observing the perturbations in clouds and radiation introduced by anthropogenic aerosol, and the challenges in modelling aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions.
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Shupe, M. D.;Persson, P. O. G.;Leck, C.
通讯作者：
Leck, C.
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Mauritsen, T.;Sedlar, J.;Swietlicki, E.
通讯作者：
Swietlicki, E.