Adolescents' Neural Processing of Risky Decisions: Effects of Sex and Behavioral Disinhibition
Adolescents' Neural Processing of Risky Decisions: Effects of Sex and Behavioral Disinhibition
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0132322
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发表时间：
2015-07-15
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Banich, Marie T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crowley, Thomas J.;Dalwani, Manish S.;Banich, Marie T.
意外伤害和杀人在青少年中相对常见，通常遵循危险行为；这些行为更多由男孩和行为去抑制(BD)较大的青少年所做。假设在BD严重程度较高的青少年中，以及在谨慎行为和危险行为之前，男性与女性在危险决策过程中的神经处理会有所不同。方法/主要发现81名青少年(有实质和行为问题的患者，以及对照青少年(比较))，在2×2设计(患者：比较x男性：女性)中反复决定是做一种赢得1美分的谨慎行为，还是做一种赢5美分或输10美分的风险行为。风险应对后获胜的几率逐渐降低。功能性磁共振成像捕捉到了反应前4秒审议期间的大脑活动。大多数神经激活出现在已知的决策结构中。与对照组相比，BD评分和临床问题更严重的患者也有广泛的神经活动不足。比较发现，谨慎反应前激活程度较高的区域包括额叶极部、内侧前额叶皮质、纹状体和其他区域；而在危险反应之前，则包括脑岛、颞叶和顶叶区域。男性比女性做出更多的冒险和更少的谨慎反应，但在谨慎反应之前，男性比女性更多地激活许多区域。在危险行为发生前，女性激活程度越高，男性激活程度越高，而男性激活程度越高。结论/显著性风险谨慎决策过程中的神经加工差异可能是青少年物质相关冒险和反社会冒险的群体差异的根源。患者报告了现实生活中有害的决定，并在冒险或谨慎的决策过程中表现出广泛的神经活动不足。男性比女性做出更多的风险反应；显然，男性偏向于风险决定，男性(与女性相比)利用更多的神经资源来做出和保持谨慎的决定，这表明了一种重要的与风险相关的脑性二型性。这一结果为预防和管理过度、危险的青少年冒险行为提供了新的可能性。
BackgroundAccidental injury and homicide, relatively common among adolescents, often follow risky behaviors; those are done more by boys and by adolescents with greater behavioral disinhibition (BD).HypothesisNeural processing during adolescents' risky decision-making will differ in youths with greater BD severity, and in males vs. females, both before cautious behaviors and before risky behaviors.Methodology/Principal Findings81 adolescents (Patients with substance and conduct problems, and comparison youths (Comparisons)), assessed in a 2 x 2 design (Patients: Comparisons x Male: Female) repeatedly decided between doing a cautious behavior that earned 1 cent, or a risky one that either won 5 or lost 10 cents. Odds of winning after risky responses gradually decreased. Functional magnetic resonance imaging captured brain activity during 4-sec deliberation periods preceding responses. Most neural activation appeared in known decision-making structures. Patients, who had more severe BD scores and clinical problems than Comparisons, also had extensive neural hypoactivity. Comparisons' greater activation before cautious responses included frontal pole, medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and other regions; and before risky responses, insula, temporal, and parietal regions. Males made more risky and fewer cautious responses than females, but before cautious responses males activated numerous regions more than females. Before risky behaviors female-greater activation was more posterior, and male-greater more anterior.Conclusions/SignificanceNeural processing differences during risky-cautious decision-making may underlie group differences in adolescents' substance-related and antisocial risk-taking. Patients reported harmful real-life decisions and showed extensive neural hypoactivity during risky-or-cautious decision-making. Males made more risky responses than females; apparently biased toward risky decisions, males (compared with females) utilized many more neural resources to make and maintain cautious decisions, indicating an important risk-related brain sexual dimorphism. The results suggest new possibilities for prevention and management of excessive, dangerous adolescent risk-taking.