Can there be an escalating arms race without coevolution? Implications from a host-parasitoid simulation
Can there be an escalating arms race without coevolution? Implications from a host-parasitoid simulation
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如果没有共同进化，军备竞赛会不断升级吗？
DOI：
10.1007/bf02285265
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发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
W. Abrahamson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. E. Weis;K. D. McCrea;W. Abrahamson
在一组有限的条件下，捕食者-猎物或寄生虫-宿主系统可能会在几代人的时间内表现出不断升级的军备竞赛，而不是协同进化。这样一个过程的先决条件包括猎物/宿主质量和防御能力之间的高度相关性，以及捕食者/寄生虫计数器防御响应质量的表型可塑性。我们提出了模拟模型的基础上的寄生蜂WaspEurytoma的，奠定了它的鸡蛋在一枝黄花瘿引起的苍蝇Eurosta solidaginis。为了使寄生蜂能够成功地产卵，瘿壁必须比寄生蜂的产卵器长。壁厚与虫瘿大小高度相关，因此成功攻击的概率随虫瘿大小而下降。然而，由于寄生蜂吃的是虫瘿组织，在小虫瘿中发育的个体比在大虫瘿中发育的个体具有更少的食物和更短的产卵器。模拟结果表明，种群平均寄生蜂大小由平均虫瘿大小决定。由于小的虫瘿更经常被寄生，所以对虫瘿制造者来说，有一种选择压力，以诱导更大的虫瘿。但是，一个额外的模拟表明，由于寄生虫产卵器长度取决于虫瘿大小，虫瘿大小的进化增加也将导致寄生虫身体大小和产卵器长度在几代内的非进化增加。
Under a restricted set of conditions, predator-prey or parasite-host systems may exhibit an escalating arms race over several generations that is not coevolutionary. Preconditions for such a process include high correlation between prey/host quality and defensive capability, and phenotypic plasticity in predator/parasite-counter defenses that responds to quality. We present simulation models based on the parasitoid waspEurytoma gigantea, which lays its egg in the goldenrod gall induced by the flyEurosta solidaginis. For the parasitoid to successfully lay an egg, the gall walls must be thinner than the parasitoid's ovipositor is long. Wall thickness is highly correlated with gall size, so probability of successful attack declines with gall size. However, since the parasitoid eats the gall tissue, individuals developing in small galls have little food and mature with shorter ovipositors than those which develop in large galls. The simulation showed that the population mean parasitoid size is set by mean gall size. Since small galls are more frequently parasitized, there is a selection pressure on the gallmaker to induce larger galls. But, an additional simulation showed that since parasitoid ovipositor length depends on gall size, an evolutionary increase in gall size will also result in a non-evolutionary increase in parasitoid body size and ovipositor length over several generations.