Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids.

Defence mitigation by predators of chemically defended prey integrated over the predation sequence and across biological levels with a focus on cardiotonic steroids.
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DOI:
10.1098/rsos.220363
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发表时间:
2022-09
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Rowland, Hannah M. M.
Rowland, Hannah M. M.
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mohammadi, Shabnam;Yang, Lu;Bulbert, Matthew;Rowland, Hannah M. M.

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捕食者与被捕食者的相互作用长期以来一直被用作研究自然环境中的适应和适应性的模型。模仿和伪装等反捕食者防御提供了一些进化的最佳例子。反过来,捕食者也进化出了感觉系统、认知能力和对猎物防御的生理抵抗力。与被广泛审查的猎物防御相比,捕食者反策略的演变受到的关注较少。为了全面了解猎物防御如何影响捕食者反策略的演变,有必要研究选择如何以及何时发挥作用。在这篇综述中,我们评估了捕食者如何在(i)遭遇、(ii)检测、(iii)识别、(iv)接近、(v)征服和(vi)消耗过程中克服猎物的防御。我们专注于受到强心类固醇(CTS)保护的猎物,这种防御性化合物存在于多种类群中,并且具有特定的生理目标。在这个系统中,专业昆虫食草动物与其宿主植物之间的共同进化得到了很好的表征,但 CTS 防御的猎物与其捕食者之间共同进化的证据却很少受到关注。使用捕食序列框架,我们组织了 574 项研究,报告捕食者克服 CTS 防御,将这些反策略整合到组织的生物层面,并讨论攻击 CTS 防御猎物的成本和收益。我们表明,捕食者的不同谱系已经进化出解剖行为、风险感知和味觉感知的变化以及目标位置不敏感。我们提请注意生化、激素和微生物策略,这些策略尚未作为捕食者对 CTS 防御的反适应进行研究。我们表明,捕食序列框架将有助于组织化学介导系统和共同进化的未来研究。
Predator–prey interactions have long served as models for the investigation of adaptation and fitness in natural environments. Anti-predator defences such as mimicry and camouflage provide some of the best examples of evolution. Predators, in turn, have evolved sensory systems, cognitive abilities and physiological resistance to prey defences. In contrast to prey defences which have been reviewed extensively, the evolution of predator counter-strategies has received less attention. To gain a comprehensive view of how prey defences can influence the evolution of predator counter-strategies, it is essential to investigate how and when selection can operate. In this review we evaluate how predators overcome prey defences during (i) encounter, (ii) detection, (iii) identification, (iv) approach, (v) subjugation, and (vi) consumption. We focus on prey that are protected by cardiotonic steroids (CTS)—defensive compounds that are found in a wide range of taxa, and that have a specific physiological target. In this system, coevolution is well characterized between specialist insect herbivores and their host plants but evidence for coevolution between CTS-defended prey and their predators has received less attention. Using the predation sequence framework, we organize 574 studies reporting predators overcoming CTS defences, integrate these counter-strategies across biological levels of organization, and discuss the costs and benefits of attacking CTS-defended prey. We show that distinct lineages of predators have evolved dissecting behaviour, changes in perception of risk and of taste perception, and target-site insensitivity. We draw attention to biochemical, hormonal and microbiological strategies that have yet to be investigated as predator counter-adaptations to CTS defences. We show that the predation sequence framework will be useful for organizing future studies of chemically mediated systems and coevolution.
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