Studies on the elasmobranch kidney. III. The kidney of the lesser electric ray, Narcine brasiliensis
Studies on the elasmobranch kidney. III. The kidney of the lesser electric ray, Narcine brasiliensis
复制标题
对软骨鱼类肾脏的研究。
作者：
R. T. Kempton
在这个国家，大多数关于板鳃类动物肾功能的实验研究都是在多刺角鲨身上进行的（参见Smith，'50的广泛参考书目），对其他物种的研究比较分散，包括光滑角鲨（Kempton，'53）和淡水板鳃类动物（Smith，'31，' 31 a）。尝试使用这两种角鲨的研究涉及微穿刺胶囊或小管遇到了很大的困难。为了可靠地找到肾小球，必须采用背侧入路。覆盖在上面的肌肉的厚度需要切除一大块厚的组织，这使得暴露的肾脏位于一个深的锥形凹陷的狭窄基部。由此产生了两个严重的困难。首先，不可能产生足够完全的止血，以防止在10或15分钟内突然流过视野并破坏实验的一滴血的积聚。控制这种情况的尝试包括低温、应用组织汁、使用浸有凝固剂的纤维蛋白泡沫，当然还有使用电烙器打开动物。其次，切口的深度迫使微量移液器或多或少垂直地接近肾脏，这使得难以穿透包膜或小管，并且大大增加了刺穿下面结构的危险。另一个复杂的事实是，虽然多刺的角鲨会安静地躺很长一段时间，但光滑的角鲨每隔一两分钟就会运动一次，即使通过去大脑或使用麻醉剂，这些麻醉剂的剂量太大，以至于干扰了循环。这些运动可能很小，但大到足以破坏小管的微穿刺。许多种类的板鳃类已经被检查，试图找到一个适合的实验，涉及显微穿刺方法。太平洋型在位于加州帕洛斯弗迪斯的太平洋海洋研究所进行了研究;大部分大西洋型在位于佛罗里达圣奥古斯丁的海洋研究实验室进行了研究。z在伍兹霍尔的海洋生物实验室，研究了冬季冰鞋，以及从佛罗里达送来的纳辛标本。调查的物种如下：加州角鲨，Heterodontus francisci。太平洋是如此大青鲨，普里奥那斯·格劳卡。太平洋是如此加州膨胀鲨
Most experimental studies of elasmobranch kidney function in this country have been made on the spiny dogfish (see Smith, '50 for extensive bibliography), with more scattered work on other species including the smooth dogfish (Kempton, '53) and fresh water elasmobranchs (Smith, '31, '31a). Attempts to use these two species of dogfish for studies involving micropuncture of capsules or tubules have encountered great difficulties. To find glomeruli reliably a dorsal approach must be used. The thickness of the overlying muscle necessitates the removal of a large thick piece of tissue, and this leaves the exposed kidney at the narrow base of a deep tapering depression. Two serious difficulties result from this. First, it is not possible to produce a hemostasis sufficiently complete to prevent the accumulation, within 10 or 15 minutes, of a drop of blood which flows suddenly over the visual field and spoils the experiment. Attempts to control this have included cold temperatures, application of tissue juice, use of fibrin foam impregnated with coagulants and, of course, the use of the electrocautery in opening the animal. Second, the depth of the incision forces the micropipette to approach the kidney more or less vertically, which makes penetration of the capsule or tubule difficult, and greatly increases the danger of puncturing underlying structures. A further complication is the fact that while the spiny dogfish will lie quietly for long periods of time, the smooth dogfish makes movements every minute or two, and these cannot be prevented even by decerebration or by doses of narcotic so heavy as to interfere with circulation. These movements may be small and yet be large enough to ruin a micropuncture of the tubule. A number of species of elasmobranchs have been examined in an attempt to find one suitable for experimentation involving micropuncture methods. The Pacific Ocean forms were studied at Marineland of the Pacific, Palos Verdes, California; most of the Atlantic forms were used at the Marineland Research Laboratory, St. Augustine, Florida.z At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole the winter skate was studied, together with specimens of Narcine sent from Florida. The species investigated were as follows: California horned shark, Heterodontus francisci. Pacific. Blue shark, Prionace glauca. Pacific. California swell shark, Cephaloscyllium