Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know?
Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know?
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DOI：
10.1006/anbe.2000.1518
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Tomasello, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hare, B;Call, J;Tomasello, M
我们对黑猩猩解决社会问题进行了三个实验。在每个实验中，一个从属个体和一个支配个体竞争食物，食物以不同的方式被放置在两个不透明的障碍物的从属侧。在某些条件下，显性动物没有看到食物被藏起来，或者它们看到的食物被藏起来时被移到了其他地方（而在控制条件下，它们看到食物被藏起来或移动）。与此同时，下属总是看到整个诱饵过程，并可以监控他们的主要竞争对手的视觉访问以及。如果下属对支配者在下饵过程中所做或未看到的事情很敏感，他们应该优先接近并取回支配者没有看到隐藏或移动的食物。这是他们在实验一中所做的，当时支配者要么不知道食物的位置，要么被误导了。在实验2中，当目击藏东西的主导个体被另一个没有目击藏东西的主导个体取代时，被试会识别并相应地调整自己的行为，从而证明他们有能力精确地跟踪谁目击了什么。在实验3中，下属没有在两件隐藏的食物之间做出一致的选择，其中一件是优势者看到隐藏的，另一件是他们没有看到隐藏的。然而，他们在这个实验中的失败可能是由于在这些情况下竞争的性质发生了变化，而不是由于社会认知技能的失败。这些发现表明，至少在某些情况下（即与同类竞争），黑猩猩知道同类看到了什么和没有看到什么（知道什么和不知道什么），并且它们利用这些信息来设计有效的社会认知策略。(C)2001年，动物行为研究协会。
We conducted three experiments on social problem solving by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. In each experiment a subordinate and dominant individual competed for food, which was placed in various ways on the subordinate's side of two opaque barriers. In some conditions dominants had not seen the food hidden, or food they had seen hidden was moved elsewhere when they were not watching (whereas in control conditions they saw the food being hidden or moved). At the same time, subordinates always saw the entire baiting procedure and could monitor the visual access of their dominant competitor as well. If subordinates were sensitive to what dominants did or did not see during baiting, they should have preferentially approached and retrieved the food that dominants had not seen hidden or moved. This is what they did in experiment I when dominants were either uninformed or misinformed about the food's location. In experiment 2 subordinates recognized, and adjusted their behaviour accordingly, when the dominant individual who witnessed the hiding was replaced with another dominant individual who had not witnessed it, thus demonstrating their ability to keep track of precisely who has witnessed what. In experiment 3 subordinates did not choose consistently between two pieces of hidden food, one of which dominants had seen hidden and one of which they had not seen hidden. However, their failure in this experiment was likely to be due to the changed nature of the competition under these circumstances and not to a failure of social-cognitive skills. These findings suggest that at least in some situations (i.e. competition with conspecifics) chimpanzees know what conspecifics have and have not seen (do and do not know), and that they use this information to devise effective social-cognitive strategies. (C) 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.