SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.002241
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发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
WOLPOFF, MH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FRAYER, DW;WOLPOFF, MH
That the human species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and be-havior is an obvious conclusion from anyone's simple participation in society. It is common knowledge that males have a larger stature than females, more robust cranial and facial features, along with greater muscularity, strength, and speed. In all human groups, male tooth size exceeds that for females, females store more subcutaneous fat, males have proportionally more muscle fiber, preand postnatal hormonal levels differ, growth rates vary, and diseases affect the sexes differentially (122a, 278). The fact that most of these differences do not occur in infants, children, and subadults, but are typical primarily in the adult stage, indicates that many of the effects are the result of hormonal events occurring at puberty (23). Like the primary sexual characteristics (ie differences in external genitalia), secondary sexual characteristics are largely controlled or mediated by X-linked genes (247), although they differ in control from the primary ones in that the environment has a more direct influence on their expression. For example, muscular differences between males and females converge when comparing an athletically active female to a nonactive male. As another measure of plasticity, nutritionally deprived adolescent males have a greater reduction in realized stature than females suffering similar protein shortages. Differences in the plasticity of males and females, along with the underlying genetic differences, provide evidence for a long-term selection regime in which human males and females, each in their own ways, have responded to reproductive, environmental, and cultural factors. The intent of this review is to establish what can and cannot be said about human sexual
