Cognitive and cultural factors
Cognitive and cultural factors
复制标题
认知和文化因素
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Labov
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. Labov
数字列表。表的列表。前言。前言。缩写。1语言变化中的认知和文化因素导论。1.1认知因素。1.2语言变化中的文化因素。1.3收敛和发散。1.4达尔文悖论再次出现。1.5分歧和中央道格玛。1.6语言学习的社区导向。1.7本卷的论点。1.8英语元音系统与北美英语的主要连锁性变化。第一部分：跨方言理解。2自然误会。2.1《自然误解汇编》。2.2改正模式。2.3误解有多常见？2.4发音变化在误解中的作用是什么？2.5误解的语言焦点。2.6合并的影响。2.7链式换挡。2.8费城之声的变化。2.9 r-less vs.r-ful方言。2.10声音将General更改为North America。2.11自然误解概述。3元音识别的对照实验。3.1彼得森-巴尼实验。3.2重复Peterson-Barney实验。3.3鉴定工作总体上取得了成功。3.4对芝加哥发言者的答复。3.5对伯明翰发言者的答复。3.6对费城发言者的答复。3.7概述。4浇注试验。4.1浇注试验的构造。4.2对门控试验的总体反应。4.3对芝加哥北方城市转移的理解。4.4对芝加哥音的识别在单词上下文中的变化。4.5词汇对等的影响。4.6对伯明翰南音变化的理解。4.7费城之声变化的理解。4.8浇注试验概述。B部分：语言变迁的生活史。5触发事件。5.1因果链的弯曲。5.2加拿大转移的原因。5.3匹兹堡转变的原因。5.4低位合并的原因。5.5/UW/的前面。5.6北方城市转移。5.7触发事件概述。6.指导原则。6.1约束问题。6.2合并的(IR)可逆性。6.3合并在北美的地域扩张。6.4管理链条移动的原则。6.5管理子系统内链条移动的原则。6.6治理原则管治得如何？7.道路上的分岔口。7.1道路分叉口的概念。7.2方言分化的两阶段模式。7.3短片的正面和背面。7.4/o/~/oh/对立面的不同发展。8分歧。8.1连续和离散边界。8.2北部/中部边界。8.3跨越北部/中部边界的沟通。8.4两步发散机制。8.5单向变化：低背合并。8.6低背合并对英语元音系统的影响。8.7抵制低背部合并。8.8通过链移位进一步分化。8.9对北美语言差异的总体看法。9驱动力。9.1规范的引进。9.2地点。9.3社交网络和实践社区。9.4个社会经济阶层。9.5身份行为。9.6表观时代的社会阶级关系。9.7性别作为一种社会力量。9.8地区方言。9.9北方城市转移的均衡性说明。10扬基文化帝国主义和北方城市的转变。10.1北部/中部边界。10.2北部/中部边界的历史。10.3北方/中部反对党的物质基础。10.4北方人和南方高地人的文化对立。10.5与政治文化的地理界限相吻合。10.6红州、蓝州和北方方言地区。10.7方言与县选举模式的关系。10.8死刑的历史。10.9朝鲜的意识形态对立。10.10地理转型。11北方城市的社会评价发生了转变。11.1北方/米德兰实验1.11.2结论。12个终端。12.1偏度作为接近终点的指标。12.2终结点的社会特征。12.3作为语言学习者重新分析的产物的埃克特级数。C部分：语言变化的单位。13个词漂浮在音变的表面。13.1审查的问题。13.2/UW/的前面。13.3./ow/的前面。13.4个同音异义词。13.5/ae/在北部内陆的抬高和前缘。13.6概述。13.7参与声音改变。13.8语音和社会因素的模块分离。13.9结论。14音节音系学中的约束力。14.1鼻音前是否有全音链移位？14.2南移音链移位？14.3约束力。第四部分传播与扩散。15语言在不同地方的传播。15.1变革的家族树和浪潮模式。15.2定义传播和扩散。15.3结构扩散。15.4考虑传播和扩散之间的差异。15.5方言地理中的扩散。15.6 NYC Short-a系统的传播。15.7合并和拆分的传递和扩散。15.8北方城市的扩散转移。15.9传播和传播的社会背景。15.10招股说明书。16语言从一个群体传播到另一个群体。16.1传播到AAVE社区。16.2周围方言对AAVE发音的影响。16.3对-t，d删除的限制向少数民族社区的儿童扩散。16.4语法变量对非裔美国人社区成年成员的传播。16.5拉美裔社区的传播方向。16.6跨社区边界扩散的性质。17结论。17.1论点摘要。17.2语言变化与动物交流系统的关系。17.3关于语言功能的更多内容。17.4社交智能和面向对象的智能。笔记。参考资料。索引。
List of Figures. List of Tables. Foreword. Preface. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction to Cognitive and Cultural Factors in Linguistic Change. 1.1 Cognitive Factors. 1.2 Cultural Factors in Linguistic Change. 1.3 Convergence and Divergence. 1.4 The Darwinian Paradox Revisited. 1.5 Divergence and the Central Dogma. 1.6 The Community Orientation of Language Learning. 1.7 The Argument of this Volume. 1.8 The English Vowel System and the Major Chain Shifts of North American English. Part A Cross-Dialectal Comprehension. 2 Natural Misunderstandings. 2.1 The Collection of Natural Misunderstandings. 2.2 Modes of Correction. 2.3 How Common Are Misunderstandings? 2.4 What Is the Role of Sound Change in Misunderstanding? 2.5 The Linguistic Focus of the Misunderstandings. 2.6 The Effect of Mergers. 2.7 Chain Shifts. 2.8 Philadelphia Sound Changes. 2.9 r-less vs r-ful Dialects. 2.10 Sound Changes General to North America. 2.11 An Overview of Natural Misunderstandings. 3 A Controlled Experiment on Vowel Identification. 3.1 The Peterson-Barney Experiment. 3.2 Replicating the Peterson-Barney Experiment. 3.3 Overall Success in Identification. 3.4 Responses to the Chicago Speakers. 3.5 Responses to the Birmingham Speakers. 3.6 Responses to the Philadelphia Speakers. 3.7 Overview. 4 The Gating Experiments. 4.1 Construction of the Gating Experiments. 4.2 Overall Responses to the Gating Experiments. 4.3 Comprehension of the Northern Cities Shift in Chicago. 4.4 Recognition of Chicago Sound Changes in the Word Context. 4.5 The Effect of Lexical Equivalence. 4.6 Comprehension of Southern Sound Changes in Birmingham. 4.7 Comprehension of Philadelphia Sound Changes. 4.8 Overview of the Gating Experiments. Part B The Life History of Linguistic Change. 5 Triggering Events. 5.1 Bends in the Chain of Causality. 5.2 Causes of the Canadian Shift. 5.3 Causes of the Pittsburgh Shift. 5.4 Causes of the Low Back Merger. 5.5 The Fronting of /uw/. 5.6 The Northern Cities Shift. 5.7 An Overview of Triggering Events. 6 Governing Principles. 6.1 The Constraints Problem. 6.2 The (Ir)Reversibility of Mergers. 6.3 The Geographic Expansion of Mergers in North America. 6.4 Principles Governing Chain Shifts. 6.5 Principles Governing Chain Shifting within Subsystems. 6.6 How Well Do Governing Principles Govern? 7 Forks in the Road. 7.1 The Concept of Forks in the Road. 7.2 The Two-Stage Model of Dialect Divergence. 7.3 The Fronting and Backing of Short a. 7.4 Divergent Development of the /o/ ~ /oh/ Opposition. 8 Divergence. 8.1 Continuous and Discrete Boundaries. 8.2 The North/Midland Boundary. 8.3 Communication across the North/Midland Boundary. 8.4 The Two-Step Mechanism of Divergence. 8.5 Unidirectional Change: The Low Back Merger. 8.6 Consequences of the Low Back Merger for the English Vowel System. 8.7 Resistance to the Low Back Merger. 8.8 Further Differentiation by Chain Shifts. 8.9 A General View of Linguistic Divergence in North America. 9 Driving Forces. 9.1 The Importation of Norms. 9.2 Locality. 9.3 Social Networks and Communities of Practice. 9.4 Socioeconomic Classes. 9.5 Acts of Identity. 9.6 The Relation of Social Classes in Apparent Time. 9.7 Gender as a Social Force. 9.8 The Regional Dialect. 9.9 Accounting for the Uniform Progress of the Northern Cities Shift. 10 Yankee Cultural Imperialism and the Northern Cities Shift. 10.1 The North/Midland Boundary. 10.2 The History of the North/Midland Boundary. 10.3 The Material Basis of the North/Midland Opposition. 10.4 The Cultural Opposition of Yankees and Upland Southerners. 10.5 Coincidence with Geographic Boundaries of Political Cultures. 10.6 Red States, Blue States, and the Northern Dialect Region. 10.7 Relation of Dialects to County Voting Patterns. 10.8 The History of the Death Penalty. 10.9 Ideological Oppositions in the North. 10.10 The Geographic Transformation. 11 Social Evaluation of the Northern Cities Shift. 11.1 The North/Midland Experiment 1. 11.2 Conclusion. 12 Endpoints. 12.1 Skewness as an Index of Approach to Endpoint. 12.2 Social Characteristics of Endpoints. 12.3 The Eckert Progression as the Product of Re-Analysis by Language Learners. Part C The Unit of Linguistic Change. 13 Words Floating on the Surface of Sound Change. 13.1 The Issues Reviewed. 13.2 The Fronting of /uw/. 13.3 The Fronting of /ow/. 13.4 Homonyms. 13.5 The Raising and Fronting of /ae/ in the Inland North. 13.6 Overview. 13.7 Participation in Sound Change. 13.8 The Modular Separation of Phonological and Social Factors. 13.9 Conclusion. 14 The Binding Force in Segmental Phonology. 14.1 Is There Allophonic Chain Shifting before Nasals? 14.2 Allophonic Chain Shifting in the Southern Shift? 14.3 The Binding Force. Part D Transmission and Diffusion. 15 The Diffusion of Language from Place to Place. 15.1 Family-Tree and Wave Models of Change. 15.2 Defining Transmission and Diffusion. 15.3 Structural Diffusion. 15.4 Accounting for the Difference between Transmission and Diffusion. 15.5 Diffusion in Dialect Geography. 15.6 The Diffusion of the NYC Short-a System. 15.7 The Transmission and Diffusion of Mergers and Splits. 15.8 Diffusion of the Northern Cities Shift. 15.9 The Social Context of Transmission and Diffusion. 15.10 Prospectus. 16 The Diffusion of Language from Group to Group. 16.1 Diffusion to the AAVE Community. 16.2 Influence of Surrounding Dialects on AAVE Pronunciation. 16.3 The Diffusion of Constraints on -t, d Deletion to Children in Minority Communities. 16.4 The Diffusion of Grammatical Variables to Adult Members of the African-American Community. 16.5 Directions of Diffusion in the Latino Community. 16.6 The Nature of Diffusion across Communal Boundaries. 17 Conclusion. 17.1 Summary of the Argument. 17.2 The Relation of Linguistic Change to Animal Systems of Communication. 17.3 More on the Functions of Language. 17.4 Social Intelligence and Object-Oriented Intelligence. Notes. References. Index.