Primate Communication and the Gestural Origin of Language [and Comments and Reply]
Primate Communication and the Gestural Origin of Language [and Comments and Reply]
复制标题
灵长类动物的交流和语言的手势起源[以及评论和回复]
作者：
G. Hewes;R. Andrew;L. Carini;Hackeny Choe;R. Gardner;A. Kortlandt;G. Krantz;G. McBride;F. Nottebohm;John Pfeiffer;Duane G. Rumbaugh;H. D. Steklis;Michael J. Raliegh;R. Stopa;Akira Suzuki;S. Washburn;R. Wescott
华莱士、泰勒、冯特、约翰内松等人提出，人类语言的基础是手部和手臂的手势。gardner夫妇对黑猩猩Washoe的研究，Premack对黑猩猩Sarah的研究，以及沿着这些思路继续进行的实验表明，对于原始人获得简单的命题手势或手语来说，神经重构并不是必要的，因为它们不涉及从视觉通道到听觉通道的高水平跨模态转移，反之亦然。来自灵长类动物研究、早期工具使用、手势在人类交流中的持续功能、与语言和工具操作相关的横向优势以及其他来源的证据支持声门发育模型。有人认为，与非人类灵长类动物的发声特征的“情感”使用的直接结果相比，预先存在的手势语言系统可能提供了一种更容易的发声语言途径。
Wallace, Tylor, Wundt, Johannesson, and others have proposed that human language had its basis in hand and arm gestures. The Gardners' work with the chimpanzee Washoe, Premack's study of the chimpanzee Sarah, and continuing experiments along these lines indicate that neural restructuring would not have been necessary for the protohominid acquisition of a simple propositional gesture or sign language which did not involve cross-modal transfer at a high level from the visual to the auditory channel or vice versa. Evidence from primate studies, early tool-using, the continuing functions of gesture in human communication, lateral dominance in its relation to speech and tool manipulation, and other sources is presented to support a model of glottogenesis. It is argued that a preexisting gestural language system would have provided an easier pathway to vocal language than a direct outgrowth of the "emotional" use of vocalization characteristic of non-human primates.