The Reciprocal Relationship between Suicidality and Stigma.
The Reciprocal Relationship between Suicidality and Stigma.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00035
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Pinna F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carpiniello B;Pinna F
虽然自杀倾向经常是污名化的原因，但反过来说，污名化也可能是自杀倾向的原因。本论文的重点是自杀行为和污名化态度之间存在的复杂关系。本研究将以PubMed、ISI Web of Knowledge和Scopus数据库的电子检索收集的相关文献为基础，使用污名、公众污名、结构性污名、感知污名、自我污名、自杀、自杀未遂和自杀倾向作为关键词，对该主题进行叙述性综述。人们通常对自杀者持负面看法，认为他们软弱，无法科普自己的问题，或者自私。企图自杀的人也会受到类似的污名化和“社会距离”;保险单包括一项排除自杀死亡的条款。有抑郁或自杀直接经历的受试者强烈支持自我耻辱感;那些试图自杀的人往往对自己的行为感到羞愧和尴尬，并倾向于尽可能地隐藏发生的事情。在自杀或企图自杀的受试者的家庭成员中也观察到类似的过程，自杀者的家属中存在更高的耻辱感。由精神或身体疾病或属于少数群体而产生的感知或内化的耻辱可能是自杀的重要风险因素，严重痛苦，降低自尊心，并成为寻求帮助行为的障碍。为了预防自杀，应作出更大的努力，打击对精神障碍和自杀本身所表现出的持续的污名化态度。事实上，耻辱感作为自杀的一个风险因素的作用应进一步激励和刺激更协调一致的努力，以打击公众的耻辱感，并支持那些遭受感知或内在耻辱感的人。专家和科学协会应与媒体结成联盟，努力促进社会对心理健康问题和自杀的看法发生显著变化。由于成见可能导致严重后果，应向遭受成见的人群提供专家护理和心理干预。
Although suicidality is frequently the cause of stigma, it is conversely true that stigma may be the cause of suicidality. The present paper focuses on the complex relationships that exist between suicidal behavior and stigmatizing attitudes. A narrative review of the topic will be presented on the basis of the relevant literature collected from an electronic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases, using stigma, public stigma, structural stigma, perceived stigma, self-stigma, suicide, attempted suicide, and suicidality as key words. A negative perception is frequently held of suicidal people, labeling them as weak and unable to cope with their problems, or selfish. Individuals who have attempted suicide are subject to similar processes of stigmatization and “social distancing”; insurance policies include an exclusion clause against death by suicide. Subjects with a direct personal experience of depression or suicide strongly endorse a feeling of self-stigma; those who have attempted suicide are often ashamed and embarrassed by their behavior and tend to hide the occurrence as much as possible. Similar processes are observed among family members of subjects who have committed suicide or made a suicide attempt, with a higher perceived stigma present in those bereaved by suicide. Perceived or internalized stigma produced by mental or physical disorders, or through belonging to a minority group, may represent a significant risk factor for suicide, being severely distressing, reducing self-esteem and acting as a barrier in help-seeking behaviors. With the aim of preventing suicide, greater efforts should be made to combat the persisting stigmatizing attitudes displayed toward mental disorders and suicide itself. Indeed, the role of stigma as a risk factor for suicide should further motivate and spur more concerted efforts to combat public stigma and support those suffering from perceived or internalized stigma. Experts and scientific societies should form an alliance with the media in an effort to promote a marked change in the societal perception of mental health issues and suicide. As stigma may result in severe consequences, specialist care and psychological interventions should be provided to populations submitted to stigma.