Flat Panel Detectors for Digital Radiography
Flat Panel Detectors for Digital Radiography
复制标题
用于数字射线照相的平板探测器
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Rowlands
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Yorkston;J. Rowlands
X射线图像形成为身体内部的阴影。在X光部门，放射科医生仍然在照明的观察盒上检查和诊断X光图像，就像世纪前一样。最近的技术发展正在彻底改变这些程序。因为聚焦X射线还不实用，所以X射线探测器必须比要成像的身体部位大。因此，制造X射线检测器的实际困难是需要对大面积进行成像。推动医疗X射线应用进步的关键数字技术是平板有源矩阵阵列，最初是为笔记本电脑显示器开发的。
目前，在拍摄X射线图像时，放射技术人员必须将胶片装入胶片/屏幕暗盒;将暗盒携带到检查室;将暗盒插入X射线台;定位患者;进行X射线曝光;将暗盒带回处理器以显影胶片;以及检查处理过的胶片是否存在任何明显的问题，以确保胶片适合于进行医学诊断。这个费力的过程可能需要几分钟的时间，在此期间，患者必须保持裸体，X射线室正在工作。相比之下，理想的X射线成像系统将在患者的X射线曝光后立即在视频监视器上提供高质量的X射线照片。如果探测器的物理形式可以类似于胶片/屏幕暗盒，则可以在对X射线室进行很少修改的情况下使用。数字X射线图像将提供几个优点：更少的处理;更方便的患者管理;即时图像查看;计算机辅助诊断[1，2];更方便地存储在计算机磁盘上，而不是在古老的胶片堆栈中。这些改进很重要，但不能降低图像质量或增加辐射暴露。
数字X射线成像的零碎方法已经被追求了许多年，并且已经突出了对完全数字化放射科的一般概念的兴趣。在这种情况下，平板成像器是非常感兴趣的，因为它们有可能解决与获取高质量数字射线照片相关的大多数问题。尽管围绕其实施的技术问题仍然存在，但它们仍然是迄今为止确定的唯一一种有可能成为所有放射科医生的方法。本章的其余部分将描述其发展背后的一些历史，以及它们的制造，设计，评估和配置到数字X射线成像系统中用于特定的临床任务。
X-ray images are formed as shadows of the interior of the body. In an x-ray department, radiologists still examine and diagnose x-ray images on illuminated view boxes, much like a century ago. Recent technological developments are revolutionizing these procedures. Because it is not yet practical to focus x rays, an x-ray detector has to be larger than the body part to be imaged. Thus a practical difficulty in making an x-ray detector is the need to image a large area. The key digital technology permitting an advance in medical x-ray applications is the flat-panel active matrix array, originally developed for laptop-computer displays.
Currently, in taking an x-ray image, a radiological technologist must load a film into a film/screen cassette; carry the cassette to the examination room; insert the cassette into the x-ray table; position the patient; make the x-ray exposure; carry the cassette back to the processor to develop the film; and check the processed film for any obvious problems to ensure that the film is suitable for making a medical diagnosis. This laborious process can take several minutes during which time the patient has to remain undressed and the x-ray room is engaged. In contrast, the ideal x-ray imaging system would, immediately after the patient's x-ray exposure, provide a high-quality radiograph on a video monitor. If the physical form of the detector could be similar to a film/screen cassette, it could be used with little modification of the x-ray room. Digital x-ray images would provide several advantages: less handling; more convenient patient management; immediate image viewing; computer-aided diagnosis [1, 2]; and more convenient storage on computer disks rather than in archaic film stacks. Such improvements are important, but must not reduce image quality or increase radiation exposure.
Piecemeal approaches to digital x-ray imaging have been pursued for a number of years and have highlighted an interest in the general concept of the fully digital radiology department. In this context, flat-panel imagers are of great interest as they have the potential to solve most of the problems associated with the acquisition of high-quality digital radiographs. Despite the technical issues still surrounding their implementation, they remain the only approach so far identified that has the potential to be all things to all radiologists. The rest of this chapter will describe some of the history behind their development as well as their fabrication, design, evaluation, and configuration into digital x-ray imaging systems for specific clinical tasks.