SOUTHERN-OCEAN ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES - EFFECTS ON SEABIRD, SEAL AND WHALE POPULATIONS
SOUTHERN-OCEAN ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES - EFFECTS ON SEABIRD, SEAL AND WHALE POPULATIONS
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1992.0152
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发表时间：
1992-11-30
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
CROXALL, JP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CROXALL, JP
近两个世纪以来，南极海洋顶级捕食者的分布和丰度的主要变化是由人类过度开发造成的。根据种群规模与海鸟和海豹的繁殖成功率之间的相互关系以及生物和物理环境的各种特征，正在重新评估一些假设，即吃磷虾的企鹅和海豹种群的增加代表着从捕捞中恢复，而吃磷虾的鲸鱼的消失加速了这种恢复。这些相关性涉及到海豹科和耳海豹科的海豹、企鹅和飞鸟，以及从南极大陆到亚南极岛屿的各种地点。虽然物理和生物影响的性质和平衡因地点、区域和不同类型的捕食者而异，但涉及海冰范围和分布的过程（包括与南方涛动的潜在重要联系）发挥着关键作用。物理和生物过程之间的联系性质以及海洋种群的反应存在重大不确定性，因此无法对未来环境变化的潜在影响作出任何有把握的预测。然而，某些分类群，特别是那些具有专门生态学、极端人口统计学和有限分布（特别是在高纬度地区）的分类群，至少特别容易受到某些可能的环境变化的影响。
The main changes in the distribution and abundance of marine top predators in the Antarctic in the last two centuries were caused by human over-exploitation. Hypotheses that increases in populations of krill-eating penguins and seals represent recovery from exploitation, accelerated by removal of krill-eating whales, are being re-evaluated in the light of correlations between population size and reproductive success of seabirds and seals and various features of the biological and physical environment. These correlations involve phocid and otariid seals, penguins and flying birds and sites ranging from the Antarctic continent to sub-Antarctic islands. Although the nature of, and balance between, physical and biological influences differ between sites, regions and different types of predator, processes (including potentially important links with the Southern Oscillation) involving sea-ice extent and distribution play a key role. Major uncertainties over the nature of links between physical and biological processes and the responses of marine populations preclude any confident prediction of the potential effects of future environmental change. However, certain taxa, especially those of specialist ecology, extreme demography and restricted distribution (especially in high latitudes) are especially vulnerable to at least some of the likely environmental changes.