Climate Change: Resetting Plant-Insect Interactions
Climate Change: Resetting Plant-Insect Interactions
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.112.204750
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发表时间：
2012-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Berenbaum, May R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DeLucia, Evan H.;Nabity, Paul D.;Berenbaum, May R.
二氧化碳和温度升高正在改变植物和昆虫之间的相互作用，对粮食安全和自然生态系统具有重要影响。从生态学上讲，气候变暖导致的植物物候加速，导致植物和昆虫传粉者之间的不匹配。类似地，改变植物发育相对于昆虫发育的速度可以放大或减小食草动物的后果。气候变暖还使一些昆虫每年增加世代数，从而增加对植物群落的破坏。植物组织作为昆虫食物的适宜性也受到全球变化的影响。二氧化碳浓度升高通常会增加叶片碳水化合物的浓度，再加上气温升高，氮(N)含量就会降低。总而言之，这些变化降低了营养价值，导致某些食草动物消耗更多的树叶来满足它们的营养需求。虽然植物中主要代谢物对全球变化的反应已被很好地理解，但二氧化碳和温度升高如何影响植物防御化合物(化感物质)却很难预测。最近的研究表明，暴露在高二氧化碳下会抑制植物防御激素茉莉酸(JA)，同时刺激水杨酸(SA)的产生。通过不同地影响防御化合物，这些植物激素的变化潜在地增加了对咀嚼昆虫的敏感性，并增强了对病原体的抵抗力。相比之下，暴露在高温下会刺激茉莉酸、乙烯(ET)和水杨酸，增强防御能力。更深入地了解二氧化碳和温度升高是如何单独和联合调节植物激素的，有望增加我们对这些全球变化因素如何影响植物和昆虫之间的正负相互作用的理解。尽管有化学自养，但植物以碳水化合物的形式为包括昆虫在内的所有非光合作用的有机体提供能量。在5.1亿年前植物殖民土地后不久，植物和昆虫进行了一场进化的军备竞赛，这场竞赛至今仍在继续--植物进化出将昆虫的消耗降至最低的机制，以及
Elevated CO2 and temperature are altering the interactions between plants and insects with important implications for food security and natural ecosystems. Ecologically, the acceleration of plant phenology by warming is generating mismatches between plants and insect pollinators. Similarly, shifting the rate of plant development relative to insect development can amplify or minimize the consequences of herbivory. Warming also enables some insects to increase the number of generations per year, thus increasing damage to plant communities. The suitability of plant tissues as food for insects also is modulated by global change. Elevated CO2 typically increases the concentration of leaf carbohydrates and in combination with elevated temperature decreases nitrogen (N) content. Together, these changes lower nutritional value, causing certain herbivores to consume more foliage to meet their nutritional needs. Whereas the responses of primary metabolites in plants to global change are reasonably well understood, how elevated CO2 and temperature affect plant defensive compounds (allelochemicals) is considerably less predictable. Recent studies indicate that exposure to elevated CO2 suppresses the plant defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA) while stimulating production of salicylic acid (SA). By differentially affecting defense compounds, these changes in plant hormones potentially increase susceptibility to chewing insects and enhance resistance to pathogens. Exposure to elevated temperature, in contrast, stimulates JA, ethylene (ET), and SA, enhancing defenses. A deeper understanding of how elevated CO2 and temperature, singly and in combination, modulate plant hormones promises to increase our understanding of how these elements of global change will affect the positive and negative interactions between plants and insects.Chemoautotrophs notwithstanding, plants provide energy in the form of carbohydrates for all nonphotosynthetic organisms, including insects. Not long after the colonization of land by plants 510 million years ago, plants and insects have engaged in an evolutionary arms race that continues today-plants evolve mechanisms to minimize consumption by insects, and