Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors
Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors
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DOI：
10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.002
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发表时间：
2008-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nock, Matthew K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nock, Matthew K.
为什么有些人会故意做伤害自己的事情，这个问题一直困扰着科学家、临床医生和公众。先前的研究表明，一种相当极端、直接的自伤形式，非自杀性自伤（NSSI），是由两种自动（即，自我的）以及社会的（即，人际关系）强化。然而，大多数关于这一主题的理论和实证论文几乎只关注自动功能。本文的目的是对国家社会保障机构的社会功能进行较为全面的分析。证据支持的概念，即NSSI是由社会强化，至少在相当少的情况下。此外，概述了NSSI社会功能的所有详细理论模型，该模型提出，当不太强烈的沟通策略失败时，这种行为代表了高强度的社会信号（例如，大声喊叫，哭泣）。该模型进一步提出，NSSI呼叫不仅是一种主要通过它从他人那里引出的行为来加强的遇险信号，而且它还可以作为一种力量和健康的信号，通过避开潜在的威胁（例如，同伴受害），并在某些情况下呼吁加强与他人的联系。支持这一理论模型的是来自不同的文献，包括心理学，进化生物学和文化人类学。最后，本文提出了具体的建议，实证检验模型的社会功能的NSSI，以及其他有害行为，如酒精和毒品的使用。(C)2008爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The question of why some people do things that are intentionally harmful to themselves Continues to puzzle scientists, clinicians, and the public. Prior studies have demonstrated that one fairly extreme, direct form of self-harm, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), is maintained by both automatic (i.e., intrapersonal) as well as social (i.e., interpersonal) reinforcement. However, the majority of theoretical and empirical papers on this topic focus almost exclusively on the automatic functions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the social functions of NSSI. Evidence is presented Supporting the notion that NSSI is maintained by social reinforcement in at least a Substantial minority of instances. Moreover, all elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of NSSI is Outlined that proposes that this behavior represents a high intensity social signal used when less intense Communication strategies fail (e.g., speaking, yelling, crying). The model further proposes that NSSI call serve not only as a signal of distress that is reinforced primarily by the caregiving behavior it elicits from others, but that it call also serve as a signal of strength and fitness that is reinforced by warding off potential threats (e.g., peer victimization), and in some cases call strengthen affiliation with others. Support for this theoretical model is drawn from diverse literatures including psychology, evolutionary biology, and cultural anthropology. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for empirical tests of the proposed model of the social functions of NSSI, as well as other harmful behaviors Such as alcohol and drug use. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.