SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOPAQUE COMPOUNDS
SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOPAQUE COMPOUNDS
复制标题
不透射线化合物的一些药理学方面
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb56059.x
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发表时间：
1959
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
J. O. Hoppe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. O. Hoppe
Of the various substances used as radiopaque media, the water-soluble, iodinated, organic class of compounds is of greatest interest from a pharmacological point of view. Not only are these compounds administered intravenously or even intra-arterially; they are given in the form of strongly hypertonic solutions by rapid injection to patients who usually are not in the best state of health. The magnitude of the clinical requirements for this type of compound is illustrated by the fact that 50 cc. of a 50 to 90 per cent solution may be injected in 2 sec. or less. These requirements are in striking contrast to classic pharmacological practice in the administration of drugs. In spite of these unusual requirements, the practical clinical use of this group of compounds is associated with surprisingly few serious reactions. The essential properties of a useful radiopaque medium include high radiopacity, low systemic and local tissue toxicity, pharmacodynamic silence, selective localization, and prompt and complete elimination. Of these, low toxicity a t both the systemic and local tissue levels is the most important and also the most difficult to achieve. I t is the purpose of the present communication to examine in some detail the systemic and local tissue toxicity of four of the commonly used in water-soluble compounds (FIGURE 1). The two compounds shown a t the top of FIGURE 1-iodopyracet (Diodrast*) and sodium iodomethamate (Neo-1opast)-originated in Germany nearly thirty years ago and still are widely used throughout the world. They resulted from the observation that the iodopyridines used in the treatment of gall bladder infections might also provide a means of outlining the organ inX-ray examinations. Although the gall bladder was not clearly outlined, the definition of the urinary-tract shadows was sufficiently encouraging to stimulate Binz and Rath to find a better tolerated and more soluble iodinated compound. This led to the synthesis of sodium 5-iodo-2-pyridone-N-acetate (Uroselectanz) and the description of its use for excretion urography by Swick and von Lichtenberg in 1929." Two years later, von Lichtenberg3 described the urographic properties of iodopyracet (as the sodium salt) and sodium iodomethamate. No serious challenge to the superiority of these 2 compounds appeared until nearly 20 years later, when Wallingford4z described sodium acetrizoate (Urokons) which represented a distinct improvement in radiopacity with but little improvement in toxicity. A highly significant improvement in both systemic and local tissue toxicity was achieved in 1954 when diatrizoate sodium was described in this country by Larsen el aZ.60 and, independently in Germany, by Langecker et aL8
