Injury prevention and risk communication: a mental models approach
Injury prevention and risk communication: a mental models approach
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DOI：
10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040079
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发表时间：
2012-04-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Fischhoff, Baruch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Austin, Laurel C.;Fischhoff, Baruch
个人的决定和行为在确定受伤的可能性和严重程度方面可以发挥关键作用。行为决策研究以与最佳选择的科学模型相当的方式研究人们的决策过程，为将干预措施集中在最关键的机会以降低风险提供基础。该研究通常旨在确定个人对其环境和可能采取的行动的结果的解释的“心理模型”。在伤害预防的背景下，心理模型方法会问为什么人们看不到风险，不利用现有的保护性干预措施或误判保护性措施的有效性。如果可以通过适合情境的风险沟通来减少这些误解，那么他们改进的心理模型可能会帮助人们更有效地参与他们认为最符合自己最佳利益的行为。如果这被证明是不可能的，那么人们可能需要具体的指示，而不是相信直觉，甚至不相信家长式的保护来应对他们无法充分控制的情况。该方法需要与领域专家合作，得出并创建风险情况的专家模型，采访非专业人士以得出他们可比较的心理模型，以及开发和评估旨在缩小非专业人士与专家之间差距的沟通干预措施。本文回顾了该研究流背后的理论和方法，并使用示例讨论了如何使用该方法来开发经过科学验证的上下文相关伤害风险沟通。
Individuals' decisions and behaviour can play a critical role in determining both the probability and severity of injury. Behavioural decision research studies peoples' decision-making processes in terms comparable to scientific models of optimal choices, providing a basis for focusing interventions on the most critical opportunities to reduce risks. That research often seeks to identify the 'mental models' that underlie individuals' interpretations of their circumstances and the outcomes of possible actions. In the context of injury prevention, a mental models approach would ask why people fail to see risks, do not make use of available protective interventions or misjudge the effectiveness of protective measures. If these misunderstandings can be reduced through context-appropriate risk communications, then their improved mental models may help people to engage more effectively in behaviours that they judge to be in their own best interest. If that proves impossible, then people may need specific instructions, not trusting to intuition or even paternalistic protection against situations that they cannot sufficiently control. The method entails working with domain specialists to elicit and create an expert model of the risk situation, interviewing lay people to elicit their comparable mental models, and developing and evaluating communication interventions designed to close the gaps between lay people and experts. This paper reviews the theory and method behind this research stream and uses examples to discuss how the approach can be used to develop scientifically validated context-sensitive injury risk communications.