LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN.
LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN.
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大脑中的定位。
DOI：
10.1126/science.ns-3.63.484
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发表时间：
1884
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
H. H. Donaldson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. H. Donaldson
自 1870 年 Fritsch 和 Hitzig 证明大脑皮层是可兴奋的以来，生理学家一直在积极进行实验。到目前为止，研究已经提出了两种关于灰质功能的理论。一种理论将其视为高级智力活动的所在地；另一种理论则将其视为由小区域组成的马赛克，认为每个区域都拥有某种确定的功能，无论是感觉功能还是运动功能。此外，根据这种定位理论，这些区域的性质是，如果它们受到刺激，就会激发完全确定的运动或感觉，而如果它们被破坏，它们所主导的运动或感觉就会消失。 1881年周日在伦敦举行的国际医学大会上，这些观点都得到了很好的体现。前者得到斯特拉斯堡的戈尔茨教授的支持，而伦敦的费里尔博士和杨教授则代表后者。戈尔茨养了一只狗，费里尔养了一只猴子。这些动物在大会的生理部分之前进行了展示，每位研究者都根据所展示的动物陈述了自己的结论。随后，两只动物都被处死，它们的大脑被交给一个著名的委员会进行检查，该委员会由高尔斯博士、克莱因博士、EA Schaefer 教授和 JN Langley 先生组成。该委员会的报告最近发表在《生理学杂志》（第 iVa 卷第 4 和第 5 卷）上；现在，有了对损伤的完整描述，就有可能估计动物活着时所表现出的特性的价值。戈尔茨赠送的狗在 1880 年 11 月至 1881 年 5 月期间接受了五次手术。两个半球的大部分皮层都被水流冲走了。随便观察了一下，这只狗的举止没有任何异常。它在房间里跑来跑去，摇着尾巴，嗅来嗅去，就像任何狗在陌生的地方都会做的那样。但它的表情却很愚蠢，步态也很沉重。但它似乎拥有所有的感官，并能控制所有的肌肉——在当前的讨论中，需要强调这两点，因为它们具有根本性的重要性。然而，这只狗在很多方面与普通狗有很大不同。在旅行中，它不仅避开了阻碍其路径的真实物体，而且还避开了那些不真实的物体，例如地板上的一点阳光，或者一块白布~ pre8。 d：平..
SINCE 1870, when Fritsch and Hitzig showed that the cortex of the brain was excitable, physiologists have been actively experimenting on it. Thus far, investigation has given rise to two theories regarding the function of this gray matter. One theory looks upon it as the seat of the higher intellectual activities: the other, considering it as a sort of mosaic composed of small areas, looks upon each area as possessing some definite function, either sensory or motor. Moreover, such is the nature of these areas, according to this theory of localization, that, if they be stimulated, perfectly definite movetnents or sensations are excited, while, if they be destroyed, the movements or sensations over which they preside are abolished. At the International medical congress held in London in the sununer of 1881, these views were both ably represented; the former being supported by Professor Goltz of Strasburg, while Dr. Ferrier and Professor Yeo, both of London, represented the latter. Goltz had a dog, and Ferrier a monkey. The animals were exhibited before the physiological section of the congress, and each investigator stated his conclusions as based on the animals presented. Both animals were then killed, and their brains placed for examination in the hands of an eminent committee, consisting of Dr. Gowers, Dr. Klein, Prof. EA Schaefer, and Mr. JN Langley. The reports of this conlmittee have recently been published in the Journal of physiology (vol. iVa Nos. 4 and 5); and, having now before us this complete description of the lesions, it is possible to estimate the value of the peculiarities exhibited by the animals while alive. The dog presented by Goltz had been subjected, between November, 1880, and May, 1881, to five operations. By these a large portion of the cortex of both hemispheres had been washed away with· a stream of water. Casually observed, this dog showed nothing abnormal in its bearing. It ran round the room, wagging its tail and sniffing about, as any dog is apt to do in a strange place. Its expression, however, was stupid, and its gait heavy; but it appeared to possess all its senses, and have control over all its muscles,-two points which are to be emphasized as of fundamental importance in the present djscussion. This dog was, however, quite different in many ways from a normal dog. In travelling about, it avoided not only real objects obstructing its path, but those which were not real,-such, for instance, as a spot of sunlight on the floor, or a bit of white cloth~ pre8. d: flat..