The Molecular Life of Diatoms
The Molecular Life of Diatoms
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硅藻的分子生命
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-92499-7_2
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rynearson T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rynearson T
自维多利亚时代以来，人们就开始关注海洋沃茨中硅藻的多样性和丰富性。硅藻遍布阳光照射的海洋，是海洋食物网的关键组成部分，有助于推动地球化学循环。这些特征通常被用来衡量硅藻的生态“成功”。在这一章中，我们研究了一些进化机制，有助于这一成功的审查的进化策略和速率，管理硅藻种群遗传结构和进化潜力。我们强调了现场和实验室数据，提供了对当代进化的见解，包括常设遗传变异，自然选择，突变率，基因流，重组和遗传漂变。我们还强调了方法的多样性，已被用来检查遗传结构和当代进化，包括单和几个位点的分析，部分和全基因组测序的努力，实验进化和建模研究。这种多样的方法揭示了硅藻物种通常由多个遗传上不同的种群组成。这些种群由基因型多样化的个体组成，这些个体具有快速响应环境的能力，而不会通过适应而发生任何遗传变化。种群也有可能通过改变其遗传组成（进化）来应对环境变化，这是因为它们具有高度的基因型多样性，并能够通过突变或可遗传的表观遗传反应产生额外的变异。未来的一个关键挑战是将基因型与表型联系起来，以更好地询问和理解当代进化如何在自然种群中发挥作用。这项工作应包括开发不依赖培养的方法，以及对实验室测定的有力支持，以评估多种性状和物种的表型变异。最后，未来的努力应该集中在更深入地了解硅藻的生活史特征，如有性生殖和休眠孢子的形成，影响其适应潜力。
Since the Victorian era, people have remarked on the diversity and abundance of diatoms in marine waters. Diatoms are found across the sunlit ocean, are key components of marine food webs, and help to drive biogeochemical cycles. These characteristics are often used as measures of the ecological “success” of diatoms. In this chapter, we examine some of the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to this success by reviewing the evolutionary strategies and rates that govern diatom population genetic structure and evolutionary potential. We highlight the field and lab data that have provided insights into contemporary evolution including standing genetic variation, natural selection, and rates of mutation, gene flow, recombination, and genetic drift. We also highlight the diversity of methodological approaches that have been used to examine genetic structure and contemporary evolution including single and several locus analyses, partial and whole genome sequencing efforts, experimental evolution, and modeling studies. This variety of approaches has revealed that diatom species are generally comprised of multiple genetically distinct populations. These populations are made up of genotypically diverse individuals with the ability to rapidly respond to their environment without any genetic change through acclimation. Populations also have the potential to respond to environmental change by shifting their genetic composition (evolution), due to their high genotypic diversity and ability to generate additional variation through mutation or heritable epigenetic responses. A key challenge for the future is to connect genotype with phenotype to better interrogate and understand how contemporary evolution functions in natural populations. This effort should include the development of culture-independent methods as well as robust support for laboratory assays to evaluate phenotypic variation across a diversity of traits and species. Finally, future efforts should be focused on obtaining a deeper understanding of how life history traits in diatoms, such as sexual reproduction and resting spore formation, influence their adaptive potential.