The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation
The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation
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DOI：
10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Bedford, Michael R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bedford, Michael R.
1.酶已经在商业上使用了近40年，并通过节省昂贵的营养物质节省了大量的成本，但实现这一目标的机制仍然存在争议.以非淀粉多糖酶（NSPase）为重点的研究为例，说明如果工作细节得到更充分的描述，对所产生数据的分析范围更广，更重要，本可以取得更大的进展。缺乏标准化的材料和方法的细节已被确定为一个有意义的回顾性分析的重大障碍，从而限制了对这些酶的作用模式的理解的进展。所用酶的特性及其活性通常缺乏，更重要的是纯度很少公开。既未列入清单也未进行分析的污染物活动可能在所列的应对措施中发挥重要作用。大多数酶的最佳剂量通常比大多数研究中使用的剂量高得多。因此，声称两种活性之间的协同作用的研究应确保反应与每种酶简单地增加成品饲料中仅一种活性的剂量无关。这是一个常见的问题，再加上缺乏因子实验来证明每种酶在多酶产品中的存在，这并不奇怪，仍然有争议，是否单一或多酶是最适合家禽的口粮。6. NSPases（粘度，细胞壁和益生元）提出的三种机制进行了讨论，并沿着他们的优点和缺点，建议重新评估每个是必要的。粘度可能必须重新评估，因为它不仅是被喂养的谷物的函数，而且也是动物年龄的函数。所描述的细胞壁理论在体外模型化较差，因此这些数据的有效性受到质疑。益生元理论可能需要进行重大修改，因为所产生的低聚物的数量似乎不足以产生所报告的额外挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）。很可能所有这三种机制都在观察到的反应中发挥作用，但益生元机制可能在低粘度饮食中发挥最重要的作用。如果在设计试验时考虑到所有潜在的机制，未来的研究将得到改进。由于在解释结果时坚持原则，明显存在重大缺陷。最重要的是，应该强调的是，一个假设是有测试，而不是辩护。
1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two activities' should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)'s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.