Terrestrial Versus Aquatic Biology: The Medium and Its Message
Terrestrial Versus Aquatic Biology: The Medium and Its Message
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陆地生物学与水生生物学：媒介及其信息
DOI：
10.1093/icb/30.1.111
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Mark W. Denny
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mark W. Denny
许多基本的生物功能受到生物体所生活的流体的物理性质的限制。在这里，我探索了四个精选的例子，在这些例子中，空气和水之间的物理差异导致了陆地和水生生物的功能差异。1.水的密度大约是空气的800倍。因此，尽管水生生物的运动成本通常较低，但它们遇到的水动力更大。2.密度和粘度的综合作用确保了在陆地上捕获悬浮颗粒的机械效果比在水中更有效。3.水中的声速是空气中的四倍，这就要求水生生物在回声定位系统中使用更高频率的声音。4.空气的电阻率比海水的大16个数量级，这可能解释了为什么水生动物使用电感应器来探测猎物，而陆地动物不使用。
Many basic biological functions are constrained by the physical properties of the fluids in which organisms live. Here I explore four selected examples in which physical differences between air and water have contributed to the functional divergence of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. 1. Water is about 800 times as dense as air. As a result, while the cost of locomotion is generally less for aquatic organisms, the hydrodynamic forces they encounter are larger. 2. The combined effects of density and viscosity insure that the capture of suspended particles is mechanically more effective on land than in water. 3. The speed of sound is four times greater in water than in air, requiring aquatic organisms to use higher frequency sounds in echolocation systems. 4. The resistivity of air is 16 orders of magnitude larger than that of seawater, which might explain why aquatic animals use electrical sensing organs to detect prey but terrestrial animals do not.