Adaptation and international climate policy
Adaptation and international climate policy
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适应和国际气候政策
DOI：
10.1002/wcc.212
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Roberts
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mizan R. Khan;J. Roberts
由于世界各国未能就将温室气体排放限制在安全水平的适当制度达成一致，自2007年以来，适应气候变化在联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）谈判中迅速上升。我们仔细回顾了从1992年至今的国际协定中的政策、机构和适应融资的发展。我们的结论是，该条约的建立方式首先是一个减缓机制，后来才加入适应机制，这导致了一些深刻的问题，难以将经济发展和建设气候适应社会的目标结合起来。特别是有两个问题领域。首先，在采取缓解办法之后，技术解决办法往往是适应项目的重点，因为社会、政治和文化问题是脆弱性的根源，应该直接加以解决。第二，早期的要求是，只有在适应努力显然是在没有气候变化的情况下所做的“额外”努力的情况下，外部资金才会到来，这是极其有害的。全球政策试图将发展项目与适应气候变化的“额外”成本分开，从而影响了地方一级的适应努力。为了理解我们为什么会对什么是适应做出如此古怪的定义，我们需要回顾一下谈判机制中的适应历史。最后，我们追溯了关于谁将为发展中国家的适应支付费用、资金是以赠款还是贷款、私人投资还是公共资金以及受援国将有什么发言权的未完成谈判。WIREs Clim Change 2013，4：171-189. doi：10.1002/wcc.212
Because of the failure of the world to agree an adequate regime to limit greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level, adaptation to climate change has risen rapidly in UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations since 2007. We closely review the development of policies, institutions, and financing of adaptation in international agreements from 1992 to the present. We conclude that the way the treaty has been built—first as a mitigation regime with adaptation added on only later—has led to some profound problems for marrying the goals of economic development and building climate resilient societies. Particularly there are two problematic areas. First, following mitigation approaches, technical solutions are often the focus in adaptation projects, when social, political, and cultural problems lie at the roots of vulnerability and should be addressed directly. Second, early requirements that external funding would only come if the adaptation effort was clearly ‘additional’ to what would have been done without a changing climate have been extremely pernicious. By attempting to divide a development project from the ‘additional’ costs of adapting to climate change, the global policy has shaped adaptation efforts at the local level. To understand how we ended up with such quirky definitions of what counts as adaptation, we need to review the history of adaptation in the negotiated regimes. Finally, we trace the incomplete negotiations over who will pay for adaptation in developing countries, whether that funding will come as grants or loans, as private investment or public funds, and what say recipient countries will have. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:171–189. doi: 10.1002/wcc.212