The Local Control of the Pituitary by Activin Signaling and Modulation.
The Local Control of the Pituitary by Activin Signaling and Modulation.
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DOI：
10.2174/1876528901104010090
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Vale WW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bilezikjian LM;Vale WW
脑下垂体在许多生理过程中起着重要的控制作用。这种控制是通过激素和生长因子的作用和相互作用实现的，这些激素和生长因子是由内分泌细胞类型和非内分泌成分产生和分泌的，这些细胞和非内分泌成分共同地和功能地定义了这个复杂的器官。生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)/黄体生成素(LH)是垂体前叶的五种内分泌细胞类型，它们的初级产物生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和卵泡刺激素(FSH)/黄体生成素(LH)。它们还可以通过细胞表面受体的存在而进一步区分，这些受体对特定的下丘脑激素表现出高度的亲和力和选择性，并耦合到参与控制细胞类型特定反应的适当下游信号通路，包括脑垂体激素的释放和/或合成。通过下丘脑对脑下垂体的中枢控制进一步被外周反馈信号的积极或消极作用以及源自脑下丘脑内部的各种因素的积极或消极作用所微调。本审查的重点是后一类发挥局部控制作用的内在因素。特别强调转化生长因子-β家族的生长因子，特别是激活素对促性腺激素群体的作用，因为相当多的证据支持它们在胚胎和出生后脑垂体的局部调节以及脑垂体的发病机制中的作用。许多其他物质，包括细胞因子和成纤维细胞生长因子家族成员、血管内皮生长因子、IGF1、PACAP、Ghrelin、腺苷和一氧化氮，也被证明或参与了自分泌/旁分泌因子的作用，但在某些情况下仍缺乏明确的证据。然而，不断增加的垂体自分泌/旁分泌因子的清单突出了局部网络的复杂性及其对垂体功能的影响。
The pituitary gland plays a prominent role in the control of many physiological processes. This control is achieved through the actions and interactions of hormones and growth factors that are produced and secreted by the endocrine cell types and the non-endocrine constituents that collectively and functionally define this complex organ. The five endocrine cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, somatotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes and gonadotropes, are defined by their primary product, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH). They are further distinguishable by the presence of cell surface receptors that display high affinity and selectivity for specific hypothalamic hormones and couple to appropriate downstream signaling pathways involved in the control of cell type specific responses, including the release and/or synthesis of pituitary hormones. Central control of the pituitary via the hypothalamus is further fine-tuned by the positive or negative actions of peripheral feedback signals and of a variety of factors that originate from sources within the pituitary. The focus of this review is the latter category of intrinsic factors that exert local control. Special emphasis is given to the TGF-β family of growth factors, in particular activin effects on the gonadotrope population, because a considerable body of evidence supports their contribution to the local modulation of the embryonic and postnatal pituitary as well as pituitary pathogenesis. A number of other substances, including members of the cytokine and FGF families, VEGF, IGF1, PACAP, Ghrelin, adenosine and nitric oxide have also been shown or implicated to function as autocrine/paracrine factors, though, definitive proof remains lacking in some cases. The ever-growing list of putative autocrine/paracrine factors of the pituitary nevertheless has highlighted the complexity of the local network and its impact on pituitary functions.